Support Cultivation Technology of High-essential-oil Melaleuca altennifolia
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摘要: 对比高含油互叶白千层组培苗不同种植密度的枝叶产量，开展种植密度、采收高度、采收时间对采收后死亡率的影响试验，以及不同季节枝叶含油率的检测，比较了组培苗与扦插苗的抗寒性。结果表明：种植密度为22 500株·hm-2的栽培模式经济效益最高，当年枝叶产量可达37.8 t·hm-2，逐年递增，至第4年产量稳定，达43.95 t·hm-2；采收高度对死亡率影响达显著水平，最佳采收高度50 cm；最佳采收季节为11月上中旬；组培苗抗寒性明显优于扦插苗。Abstract: Leaf-production of a high-essential-oil variety of Melaleuca alternifolia was studied to improve the cultivation based on tissue-culture of the plant. Planting density, plant height and time at harvest, as well as mortality rates of the seedlings started with tissues and cuttings were determined on a field experimentation. Content of essential oils in the leaves on the seedlings in different seasons and low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings grown from tissue-culture and cuttings were monitored. The results showed that the highest leaf yield up to 37.8 tons per hectare was achieved when a planting density was 22, 500 seedlings per hectare. The yield increased continuously year after year, and became stabilized at approximately 43.95 tons per hectare in the 4th year. The plant height at time of leaf-harvesting significantly affected mortality rate of the plants. For best results, the optimum harvest was to be carried out when a plant was 50 cm high and in mid-November. The low-temperature tolerance of the seedlings started with tissue-culture was found superior to those began with plant cuttings.
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图 2 组培苗与扦插苗冻害对比
注：A、B为邵武点组培苗轻微冻伤、扦插苗冻害严重；C为永安点组培苗轻微冻伤(左行)和扦插苗冻害(右行)。
Figure 2. Comparison of low-temperature tolerances of seedlings started from tissue-cultured and cutting
表 2 不同种植密度、采收高度、采收时间对死亡率的影响
Table 2. Effects of planting density, plant height and time of harvest on seedling mortality after harvest
试验号 种植密度A/(株·hm-2) 采收高度B/cm 采收时间C(月-日) 调查株数/株 死亡株数/株 平均死亡率/% 1 15000(A1) 20(B1) 10-15(C1) 330 24 7.3 2 15000 35(B2) 11-01(C2) 270 13 4.8 3 15000 50(B3) 11-15(C3) 297 10 3.4 4 22 500(A2) 20 11-01 323 25 7.7 5 22 500 35 11-15 216 10 4.6 6 22 500 50 10-15 246 8 3.3 7 30 000(A3) 20 11-15 278 22 7.9 8 30 000 35 10-15 307 16 5.2 9 30 000 50 11-01 281 11 3.9 X1 5.17 7.63 5.27 X2 5.20 4.87 5.47 X3 5.67 3.53 5.30 R 0.50 4.10 0.20 
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表 1 不同种植密度互叶白千层单株生物量及产量
Table 1. Average biomass per plant and yield per hectare at different planting density
种植密度/(株·hm-2) 平均单株生物量/kg 平均产量/(t·hm-2) 1年生 2年生 3年生 4年生 1年生 2年生 3年生 4年生 15000 1.85 2.44 2.61 2.63 27.75 34.8 35.4 34.05 22500 1.68 1.86 2.18 2.23 37.8 39.9 44.4 43.95 30000 1.63 1.72 1.71 1.68 48.9 46.95 45.9 43.5
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表 3 3年生组培苗含油率检测
Table 3. Oil content of 3-year-old plants started from tissue-culture seedlings
样本 无性系号 采样地点 叶占枝叶比/% 枝叶含油率/% 1, 8-桉叶油素/% 4-松油醇/% 叶含油率/% 母树 H38 72 1.51 3.64 41.82 2.10 组培苗 H38 西洋 92 2.2 3.45 44.32 2.39 H38 小陶 82 2.02 3.16 42.84 2.46 H38 黄生祥基地 75 1.90 3.30 42.19 2.53 H38 黄发光基地 82 2.13 3.23 44.85 2.59 H38 大湖 85 2.02 3.52 42.42 2.38 母树 H35 70 1.19 4.13 42.26 1.70 组培苗 H35 西洋 86 1.88 4.07 42.99 2.19 H35 小陶 78 1.66 3.36 43.92 2.12 H35 黄生祥基地 85 1.82 3.35 44.04 2.14 H35 黄发光基地 83 1.65 3.39 43.47 1.98 H35 大湖 78 1.74 3.48 43.07 2.23
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