Ornamental Values of Continuously Cultivated Tulips Determined Using Principal Component Analysis
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摘要:
目的 留床栽培是解决郁金香种球消耗性栽培的途径之一，本研究旨在分析不同郁金香品种在留床栽培后观赏价值的变化，筛选出适宜露地留床栽培的郁金香品种，为提高种球利用率、降低园林应用成本提供技术支撑。 方法 对荷兰引进的36个郁金香品种进行连续2年不采挖的留床栽培，测定株高、基生叶数、最长叶叶长、最短叶叶长、最长叶叶宽、最短叶叶宽、花径、花瓣长、花葶长、冠幅、叶面积、叶绿素等12个地上部表型性状，并进行主成分分析及综合评价。 结果 留床栽培1年后36个品种的出苗率为16.51%～86.67%，出苗率下降7.14%～82.10%，其中17个品种的出苗率降幅小于40%。表型性状主成分分析结果表明，综合评价观赏价值时优先考虑株高、基生叶数、最长叶叶长、最短叶叶长、最长叶叶宽、最短叶叶宽、花径、花葶、叶面积等9个性状的变化情况。根据主成分得分对36个品种进行排名，留床一年后排名有所提升的品种占总数的55.5%，排名退后的品种占总数的19.4%。结合出苗率、综合排名和表型性状的增减数目，共筛选出6个在留床栽培后观赏价值较高且稳定的品种：Yellow Pomponette、Negrita、Leen Van Der Mark、Christmas Marvel、Pink Pomponette、Parade。 结论 筛选出6个适宜在西宁地区或相似环境条件下进行露地留床栽培的郁金香品种。 Abstract:Objective Continuous cultivation by keeping tulip bulbs in ground for additional season to replace the wasteful and costly conventional practice was evaluated according to the ornamental value of the plants under treatment. Method Thirty-six Dutch tulip cultivars were planted for two consecutive years without digging out the bulbs in the autumn prior to 2nd year growth as handled by the conventional practice. Aboveground phenotypic traits including plant height, basal leaf number, length of the longest leaf, length of the shortest leaf, width of the longest leaf, width of the shortest leaf, flower diameter, length of petal, and length of flower stem of the plants were measured in two years and followed by a principal component analysis on the data. Result The sprouting of the 36 cultivars after one year of cultivation showed a rate ranging from 16.51% to 86.68%. The reduction of the new shoot emerging rate was between 7.14-82.10%, with 17 cultivars less than 40% on the decline. The statistical analysis indicated 9 traits (i.e., plant height, basal leaf number, length of the longest leaf, length of the shortest leaf, width of the longest leaf, width of the shortest leaf, flower diameter, length of flower stem, and leaf area) to be the principal components for the ornamental evaluation. Of the 36 cultivars, 55.5% ranked with upgraded scores after the continuous cultivation and 19.4% downgraded. Taking sprouting rate, evaluation score, and number of increased or decreased phenotype rank into consideration, the 6 cultivars with high and stable ornamental value were Yellow Pomponette, Negrita, Leen Van Der Mark, Christmas Marvel, Pink Pomponette, and Parade. Conclusion Six tulip cultivars were considered suitable for continuous tulip horticulture in Xining and/or areas with similar environmental and climatic conditions. -
Key words:
- Tulip /
- continuous cultivation /
- phenotype /
- principal component analysis /
- ornamental value evaluation
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表 1 郁金香品种信息
Table 1. Information on 36 tulip cultivars
编号
No.品种
Cultivar花期
Anthesis品种分类
Cultivar group编号
No.品种
Cultivar花期
Anthesis品种分类
Cultivar group1 Purple Prince 中 Medium 单瓣早花型 Single early 19 Peking 晚 Late 凯旋系 Triumph 2 Negrita 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 20 Lalibela 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 3 Leen Van Der Mark 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 21 Pink Impression 早 Early 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 4 Christmas Marvel 中 Medium 单瓣早花型 Single early 22 Apricot Emperor 早 Early 流苏型 Fringed 5 Barcelona 晚 Late 凯旋系 Triumph 23 Flash Point 中 Medium 重瓣早花型 Double early 6 Pink Pomponette 中 Medium 重瓣早花型 Double early 24 Red Power 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 7 Holland Beauty 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 25 Angelique 晚 Late 重瓣早花型 Double early 8 Parade 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 26 Blushing Lady 中 Medium 单瓣早花型 Single early 9 Dynasty 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 27 Blue Diamond 中 Medium 重瓣早花型 Double early 10 Golden Oxford 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 28 Sweet Rosy 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 11 Yellow Pomponette 晚 Late 重瓣晚花型 Double early 29 Verandi 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 12 World's Favourite 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 30 Maja 中/晚 Medium/Late 流苏型Fringed 13 Oxford's Elite 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 31 Pallada 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 14 Flaming Parrot 晚 Late 鹦鹉型 Parrot 32 Avenue 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 15 Muscadet 中 Medium 单瓣晚花型 Single late 33 Abba 中 Medium 重瓣早花型 Double early 16 Strong Gold 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 34 Banja Luka 中 Medium 达尔文杂种系 Darwin hybrids 17 Miranda 中 Medium 重瓣早花型 Double early 35 Aladdin 中 Medium 百合花型 Lily flowered 18 Carola 中 Medium 凯旋系 Triumph 36 Black Hero 晚 Late 重瓣早花型 Double early 
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表 2 36个品种的出苗情况
Table 2. Sprouting rate of 36 tulip cultivars (单位：%)
编号
No.品种
Cultivar2019年出苗率
Sprouting rate
in 20192020年出苗率
Sprouting rate
in 2020出苗率下降幅度
Reduction of
sprouting rate1 Purple Prince 88.89 27.78 68.75 2 Negrita 85.56 46.66 45.46 3 Leen Van Der Mark 85.56 55.56 35.06 4 Christmas Marvel 96.67 62.22 35.63 5 Barcelona 100.00 43.33 56.67 6 Pink Pomponette 84.44 52.22 38.16 7 Holland Beauty 93.33 28.89 69.05 8 Parade 98.89 54.44 44.95 9 Dynasty 82.22 32.22 60.81 10 Golden Oxford 100.00 56.67 43.33 11 Yellow Pomponette 83.33 58.89 29.33 12 World's Favourite 98.89 66.67 32.59 13 Oxford's Elite 94.45 53.56 43.29 14 Flaming Parrot 81.11 56.30 30.59 15 Muscadet 72.10 35.67 50.53 16 Strong Gold 93.33 59.63 36.11 17 Miranda 100.00 46.30 53.70 18 Carola 100.00 42.22 57.78 19 Peking 95.56 66.30 30.62 20 Lalibela 89.63 43.33 51.65 21 Pink Impression 94.07 45.56 51.57 22 Apricot Emperor 92.22 16.51 82.10 23 Flash Point 92.59 30.00 67.60 24 Red Power 97.78 31.11 68.18 25 Angelique 85.56 54.96 35.76 26 Blushing Lady 93.70 34.44 63.24 27 Blue Diamond 98.89 72.22 26.97 28 Sweet Rosy 84.82 72.20 14.88 29 Verandi 98.89 65.55 33.71 30 Maja 90.74 18.89 79.18 31 Pallada 95.56 81.11 15.12 32 Avenue 96.67 58.52 39.47 33 Abba 93.33 86.67 7.14 34 Banja Luka 98.89 62.22 37.08 35 Aladdin 91.11 60.74 33.33 36 Black Hero 100.00 33.33 66.67 注：出苗率下降幅度=（2019年出苗率−2020年出苗率）/2019年出苗率× 100%
Note: Reduction of sprouting rate = (Sprouting rate in 2019−sprouting rate in 2020)/Sprouting rate in 2019× 100%
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表 3 12个地上部表型性状主成分分析
Table 3. Principal component analysis on 12 aboveground phenotypes
表型性状
Phenotypic trait主成分特征值
Eigen vector of the
principal component1 2 3 4 株高 Plant height 0.712 −0.158 0.417 −0.485 基生叶数 Number of basal leaves −0.495 0.725 0.240 −0.215 最长叶叶长 Length of the longest leaf 0.710 0.386 0.309 0.280 最短叶叶长 Length of the shortest leaf 0.723 0.059 0.031 0.564 最长叶叶宽 Width of the longest leaf 0.715 0.141 −0.251 −0.287 最短叶叶宽 Width of the shortest leaf 0.582 −0.468 −0.379 0.263 花径 Flower diameter −0.320 0.301 0.291 −0.151 花瓣长 Petal length 0.709 0.210 −0.085 −0.207 花葶长 Flower stem length 0.691 −0.130 0.541 −0.327 冠幅 Crown diameter 0.167 0.838 −0.020 0.352 叶面积 Leaf area 0.565 0.421 −0.520 −0.152 叶绿素 Chlorophyll content 0.081 −0.190 0.708 0.436 特征值 Eigen value 4.067 2.008 1.691 1.338 方差贡献率Variance contribution rate /% 33.894 16.736 14.095 11.154 累计贡献率Cumulative /% 33.894 50.630 64.724 75.878
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表 4 36个郁金香品种的表型性状综合评价
Table 4. Comprehensive evaluation of 36 tulip cultivars based on phenotypes
编号
No.品种
Cultivar主成分得分
Scoring of the principal componentF1 F2 F3 F4 F 排名
Ranking1 Purple Prince −1.90 −3.04 −1.29 −0.53 −1.39 35 2 Negrita −3.02 −1.09 1.18 0.30 −1.01 34 3 Leen Van Der Mark −2.30 0.94 1.53 −0.71 −0.49 25 4 Christmas Marvel −0.90 −1.68 −1.27 −1.07 −0.88 33 5 Barcelona 0.45 −0.61 0.88 −0.28 0.14 15 6 Pink Pomponette −1.89 0.08 1.18 −0.29 −0.49 26 7 Holland Beauty −0.85 −0.59 −0.84 −0.15 −0.52 27 8 Parade 0.50 −0.37 −1.85 −0.62 −0.22 22 9 Dynasty −0.14 0.90 −1.71 −0.56 −0.20 21 10 Golden Oxford 1.39 0.76 −1.17 −2.66 0.14 16 11 Yellow Pomponette −2.14 −1.30 0.07 0.98 −0.82 32 12 World's Favourite 2.64 3.52 −1.71 −0.66 1.17 3 13 Oxford's Elite 2.56 0.52 −1.43 −0.92 0.65 9 14 Flaming Parrot 1.77 0.82 0.37 −0.71 0.71 7 15 Muscadet 1.83 1.07 −0.37 1.05 0.86 6 16 Strong Gold −0.03 −0.94 0.69 2.20 0.18 14 17 Miranda −0.57 −1.22 −0.13 −1.07 −0.53 28 18 Carola −1.44 −1.55 0.21 0.47 −0.66 30 19 Peking 2.30 2.74 −1.26 1.55 1.23 2 20 Lalibela 1.34 0.03 −0.41 −0.07 0.40 11 21 Pink Impression 4.43 1.29 −1.97 −0.83 1.35 1 22 Apricot Emperor 1.15 −0.69 0.13 −1.98 0.07 18 23 Flash Point −4.06 3.10 1.36 −0.38 −0.71 31 24 Red Power 1.74 −1.10 0.90 −0.34 0.49 10 25 Angelique −3.22 −2.14 −0.26 0.19 −1.46 36 26 Blushing Lady 1.38 0.58 0.86 2.02 0.91 5 27 Blue Diamond −1.68 0.61 0.87 0.72 −0.26 23 28 Sweet Rosy 0.28 0.63 0.88 3.30 0.69 8 29 Verandi 0.10 −1.79 −0.21 0.92 −0.19 20 30 Maja 3.43 −0.63 −0.41 1.52 1.17 4 31 Pallada −1.58 −2.08 1.59 0.58 −0.59 29 32 Avenue 1.35 −1.33 0.15 0.77 0.34 12 33 Abba −3.29 5.15 2.00 −0.45 −0.02 19 34 Banja Luka −0.02 −0.57 −0.33 −1.38 −0.30 24 35 Aladdin −0.04 −0.02 0.65 1.12 0.20 13 36 Black Hero 0.43 0.03 1.09 −2.00 0.08 17
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表 5 留床一代郁金香的表型性状指标的主成分分析
Table 5. Principal component analysis on phenotypic traits of tulips with bulbs remained in ground for 2nd year sprouting and growth
表型性状
Phenotypic trait主成分特征值
Eigen vector of the principal component1 2 3 4 最短叶叶长 Shortest leaf length 0.424 0.010 −0.023 0.151 叶面积 Leaf area 0.378 −0.155 0.150 0.124 最长叶叶长 Longest leaf length 0.377 0.017 0.269 0.052 最长叶叶宽 Longest leaf width 0.355 −0.289 0.255 −0.183 最短叶叶宽 Shortest leaf width 0.321 −0.404 −0.105 −0.079 基生叶数 Number of basal leaves −0.057 0.438 0.536 0.000 株高 Plant height 0.303 0.419 −0.088 −0.352 花葶 Flower stem length 0.289 0.413 −0.032 −0.419 叶绿素 Chlorophyll −0.114 0.302 0.190 0.342 花径 Flower diameter 0.135 0.203 −0.466 0.247 花瓣长 Petal length 0.241 0.240 −0.452 0.319 冠幅 Plant width 0.199 0.039 0.273 0.583 特征值 Eigen value 4.334 2.384 1.447 1.161 方差贡献率
Variance contribution rate/%36.114 19.870 12.056 9.673 累计贡献率
Cumulative contribution rate/%36.114 55.983 68.039 77.712
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表 6 36个郁金香品种在2020年的表型性状综合评价
Table 6. Evaluation on phenotypes of 36 tulip cultivars in 2020
编号
No.品种
Cultivar主成分得分
Scoring of the principal componentF1 F2 F3 F4 F 排名
Ranking1 Purple Prince ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 2 Negrita −0.37 1.29 0.31 −0.66 0.1 12 3 Leen Van Der Mark 0.20 1.22 −0.04 0.23 0.33 9 4 Christmas Marvel 2.86 −0.46 1.08 −0.43 1.03 4 5 Barcelona −2.18 1.67 2.24 −0.08 −0.19 14 6 Pink Pomponette −0.75 2.66 1.76 −0.71 0.4 8 7 Holland Beauty −1.99 −0.49 −1.32 0.29 −0.95 24 8 Parade 2.41 −1.52 −0.03 0.89 0.65 5 9 Dynasty ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 10 Golden Oxford ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 11 Yellow Pomponette 0.03 −2.06 −1.02 −1.68 −0.68 22 12 World's Favourite 0.47 −1.08 0.13 −0.92 −0.12 13 13 Oxford's Elite 1.61 −0.76 0.13 1.1 0.55 6 14 Flaming Parrot 0.98 2.92 0.3 2.01 1.16 3 15 Muscadet ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 16 Strong Gold −0.94 −1.28 −0.18 1.01 −0.52 19 17 Miranda −0.57 −2.5 2.46 −0.08 −0.41 18 18 Carola −2.42 −0.14 −0.52 −0.44 −1.01 25 19 Peking ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 20 Lalibela 3.19 −0.5 0.8 1.9 1.33 2 21 Pink Impression 2.18 −2.93 1.47 0.74 0.46 7 22 Apricot Emperor 1.78 −0.65 −1.84 −1.52 0.15 11 23 Flash Point ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 24 Red Power −1.7 0.05 −0.54 −0.38 −0.71 23 25 Angelique ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 26 Blushing Lady 5.61 2.97 −1.82 −0.39 2.36 1 27 Blue Diamond −1.72 1.71 1.05 −0.44 −0.2 15 28 Sweet Rosy −1.44 −0.57 −0.79 0.57 −0.67 21 29 Verandi −1.1 0.9 1.02 −1.35 −0.23 16 30 Maja ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 31 Pallada −2.99 −0.57 −1.05 0.98 −1.22 27 32 Avenue 1.09 0.55 −0.87 −1.03 0.3 10 33 Abba −1.83 0.53 −0.78 0.96 −0.56 20 34 Banja Luka 0.1 −0.89 0 −1.98 −0.33 17 35 Aladdin −2.53 −0.08 −1.98 1.42 −1.03 26 36 Black Hero ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 注：“﹨”表示未出苗。
Note: “﹨” represents no seedling emerged.
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表 7 各品种郁金香观赏价值综合评价排名
Table 7. Comprehensive evaluation ranks on ornamental values of 36 tulip cultivars
编号
No.品种
Cultivar2019排名
Ranking in
20192020排名
Ranking in
2020排名增减
Ranking
increase
or decrease1 Purple Prince 35 ﹨ ﹨ 2 Negrita 34 12 22 3 Leen Van Der Mark 25 9 16 4 Christmas Marvel 33 4 29 5 Barcelona 15 14 1 6 Pink Pomponette 26 8 18 7 Holland Beauty 27 24 3 8 Parade 22 5 17 9 Dynasty 21 ﹨ ﹨ 10 Golden Oxford 16 ﹨ ﹨ 11 Yellow Pomponette 32 22 10 12 World's Favourite 3 13 −10 13 Oxford's Elite 9 6 3 14 Flaming Parrot 7 3 4 15 Muscadet 6 ﹨ ﹨ 16 Strong Gold 14 19 −5 17 Miranda 28 18 10 18 Carola 30 25 5 19 Peking 2 ﹨ ﹨ 20 Lalibela 11 2 9 21 Pink Impression 1 7 −6 22 Apricot Emperor 18 11 7 23 Flash Point 31 ﹨ ﹨ 24 Red Power 10 23 −13 25 Angelique 36 ﹨ ﹨ 26 Blushing Lady 5 1 4 27 Blue Diamond 23 15 8 28 Sweet Rosy 8 21 −13 29 Verandi 20 16 4 30 Maja 4 ﹨ ﹨ 31 Pallada 29 27 2 32 Avenue 12 10 2 33 Abba 19 20 −1 34 Banja Luka 24 17 7 35 Aladdin 13 26 −13 36 Black Hero 17 ﹨ ﹨ 注：“﹨”表示未出苗；排名增减=2020年排名名次−2019年排名名次。
Note: “﹨” represents no seedling emerged; up- or downgraded rank: rank in 2020−rank in 2019.
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表 8 36个郁金香品种12个地上部分表型性状的增减情况
Table 8. Variations on 12 phenotypic traits of 36 tulip cultivars
编号
No.品种
CultivarA B C D E F G H I J K L 减幅个数
Number of reduced trait增幅个数
Number of increased trait1 Purple Prince ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 2 Negrita ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − ﹢ ﹢ − − 4 8 3 Leen Van Der Mark − − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ 3 9 4 Christmas Marvel ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − ﹢ ﹢ − ﹢ 3 9 5 Barcelona − ﹢ − − − − − − − − − ﹢ 10 2 6 Pink Pomponette ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − ﹢ − − ﹢ 5 7 7 Holland Beauty − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − − − − − 10 2 8 Parade − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − ﹢ − ﹢ 5 7 9 Dynasty ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 10 Golden Oxford ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 11 Yellow Pomponette ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − ﹢ − ﹢ − 4 8 12 World's Favourite − − − − − ﹢ − − − − − − 11 1 13 Oxford's Elite − − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − ﹢ − ﹢ 8 4 14 Flaming Parrot − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − − ﹢ − ﹢ 8 4 15 Muscadet ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 16 Strong Gold − ﹢ − − ﹢ − − − − − ﹢ ﹢ 8 4 17 Miranda − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − − ﹢ ﹢ − 6 6 18 Carola − − ﹢ − − − − − − ﹢ − ﹢ 9 3 19 Peking ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 20 Lalibela − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ 5 7 21 Pink Impression − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − − ﹢ − − 9 3 22 Apricot Emperor − ﹢ ﹢ − ﹢ ﹢ − − − ﹢ ﹢ − 6 6 23 Flash Point ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 24 Red Power − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − − ﹢ − − 9 3 25 Angelique ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 26 Blushing Lady ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − ﹢ − 2 10 27 Blue Diamond − − ﹢ − ﹢ − − − − − − ﹢ 9 3 28 Sweet Rosy − − − − − − − − ﹢ − − − 11 1 29 Verandi ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − ﹢ ﹢ − − 7 5 30 Maja ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 31 Pallada − − ﹢ − − − − ﹢ − − − − 10 2 32 Avenue − ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − ﹢ ﹢ − − 8 4 33 Abba − − ﹢ ﹢ − ﹢ − − − − − − 9 3 34 Banja Luka − − ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ ﹢ − − − − − − 8 4 35 Aladdin − ﹢ − − − − − − − − − − 11 1 36 Black Hero ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ ﹨ 注：“−”代表减幅；“﹢”代表增幅；“﹨”代表未出苗；A-L分别是株高、基生叶数、最长叶叶长、最短叶叶长、最长叶叶宽、最短叶叶宽、花径、花瓣长、花葶、冠幅、叶面积、叶绿素含量。
Note: “−” represents decrease; “+” represents increase; “\” represents no seedling emerged; A-L: plant height, basal leaf number, longest leaf length, shortest leaf length, longest leaf width, shortest leaf width, flower diameter, petal length, flower stem length, crown diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll content, in that order.
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