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Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Objective The S gene of sweet cherry determines its self-compatibility. In order to identify the S genotype and high self-compatibility varieties of sweet cherry from Sichuan area, the S genotype was identified in 39 sweet cherry materials collected, and the differences of SFB4' gene between SFB4 and its self-incompatibility mutant were compared. Method Nine samples of sweet cherry leaf DNA were amplified by PCR using S gene universal primers and specific primers, and the amplified fragments containing SFB4/SFB4' gene were sequenced. Result A total of 6 genotypes, S1, S2, S3, S4, S6 and S9, were identified from 39 sweet cherry materials, among which 27 materials contained S3 gene, 19 materials contained S9 gene, 12 materials contained S1, 11 materials contained S4 gene, 7 materials contained S6 gene and 3 materials contained S2 gene. According to the S genotype results obtained by identification, ORF sequences of SFB gene were amplified in 11 materials containing S4 gene. The comparison results showed that SFB4' had 4 base deletion at 903 bp compared with SFB4. The sequencing results showed that SFB genotype was SFB4' in 7 materials. Meanwhile, SFB4' specific primers were designed in this study. Conclusion In this study, a total of 6 genotypes, S1, S2, S3, S4, S6 and S9, were identified, and the full length of 11 materials containing S4 gene was sequenced, and 7 materials were identified as the mutant gene SFB4'. This study provides a reference for pollinating tree configuration of sweet cherry in Sichuan, and lays a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties of sweet cherry.
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Objective Purple bud Liupao tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. 'Liupao') is a special strain with purple leaves and rich in anthocyanins in the Liupao group species. the purple bud Liupao tea anthocyanin synthesis related genes to understand the molecular mechanism of purple bud Liupaot tea anthocyanin accumulation lay the foundation, for high anthocyanins Liupao tea molecular breeding provide genetic resources. Methods Anthocyanin from purple and green bud Liubao tea were extracted using ethanol hydrochloride, respectively. Tanscriptome sequencing of purple bud and green bud Liubao tea was performed through the Illumina Hiseq 2500 higrh-throughput sequencing platform, analyzed the expression level of the genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, found out the differentially expressed genes, and further performed GO functional analysis and KEGG enrichment analysis; and the results of transcriptome sequencing were verified by fluorescence quantification PCR. Results Purple bud anthocyanin content is sevenfold higher than green bud; transcriptome sequencing yielded a total of 165570 Unigene with an average length of 1,450bp; The transcriptome sequencing results were analyzed, a total of 243 genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in purple bud were selected and 43 differentially significantly expressed genes, These genes encode 14 key enzymes, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), Chalcone synthase (CHS), Chalcone isomerase (CHI), Cinnamate acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), Flavonol synthase (FLS), Flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3'5′H), Flavonoid 3' -hydroxylase (F3′H), Flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Conclusion Thirty-four genes out of 14 key enzymes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis were all upregulated in purple bud, and these genes were speculated to play an important role in anthocyanin accumulation in purple bud.
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Objective Effects of different tillage and green manure return methods on soil nutrients, enzyme activity and sugarcane yield were studied in long-term continuous sugarcane fields. Method Four treatments were established:traditional rotary tillage sugarcane monocropping (TCK), Fenlong tillage sugarcane monocropping(FLCK), Fenlong tillage sugarcane/soybean returning sugarcane root (FLG), and soybean returning wide row (FLK) by using random block design. The experiment measured the content of soil organic matter, available nutrients, soil enzyme activities(urease, saccharase, acid phosphatase, catalase), ugarcane yield and quality. Result (1) Tillage methods and green manure returning had a significant impact on soil nutrients and soil enzyme activity. Compared with TCK, the organic matter content in the root and wide row soil of all treatments significantly increased (P＜0.05), with an increase of 40.6% to 76.7%. FLG, FLK, and FLCK treatments significantly increased the content of available N and available P in the root soil, with an increase of 16.1% to 41.8%. (2) The activities of soil urease, sucrase, acid phosphatase and catalase in all treatments increased by 0.7% to 166.7% compared to TCK (except for the urease activity in the wide row soil treated with FLG). (3) The 2-year average yield of FLG, FLK and FLCK treatments significantly increased by 13.1% to 30.5% compared to TCK.The 2-year average yield of FLG and FLK treatments were significantly higher than that of FLCK, with an increase of 9.9% to 15.3%,with FLG treatment having the highest average yield of 86043kg·hm−2.The sucrose content, brix, gravity purity, apparent purity, and pol treated with FLG, FLK and FLCK were higher than those treated with TCK. 4) Sugarcane yield was significant and positive correlation with soil urease activity, and extremely significant positive correlation with soil sucrase, acid phosphatase, catalase activity, organic matter, available N and available P content. Conclusion using Fenlong tillage combined with green manure returning to the field could improve soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity , sugarcane yield and quality in continuous cropping sugarcane fields; Considering the convenience of field operations, it is recommended to use the model of combining Fenlong tillage with green manure returning to wide rows for local production.
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: Objective To explore the important genes involved in the metabolism of pyroxsulam in hulless barley, and to clarify the metabolic detoxification mechanism of hulless barley to pyroxsulam so as to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of pyroxsulam and the breeding of hulless barley varieties tolerant to herbicides. Method The leaves of sensitive hulless barley variety 'Qing0160' and drug resistant hulless barley variety 'Qing0306' treated with pyroxsulam for 0 d, 1 d and 6 d were used as materials, and the transcriptome sequencing results were analyzed by means of high throughput sequencing technique. Result The results of GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in photosynthesis before and after pyroxsulam treatment. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that genes related to antioxidants and stress related genes in glutathione metabolic pathway and phenylpropanol and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis pathway were significantly enriched after 1 day treatment, and genes related to a series of biological processes maintaining cell function and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly enriched after 6 days treatment. Further analysis shows that the expressions of SOD21972, POD55052, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106 and GSTs20762 were up-regulated, while PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551 and CYP12424 were inhibited. The expression of POD55052 in sensitive hulless barley was higher than that in drug resistant hulless barley SOD21972, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, GSTs20762, PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, CYP12424 in drug resistant hulless barley were higher than sensitive hulless barley. These genes may be involved in the mechanism of resistance to pyroxsulam in hulless barley. The change trend of qRT-PCR relative expression was basically the same as that of transcriptome sequencing, which proved that the transcriptome sequencing result was reliable. Conclusion The results of this study made clear the metabolic detoxification mechanism of hulless barley to pyroxsulam which provides a molecular basis for the tolerance of hulless barley to pyroxsulam, and is of great significance for the safe use of pyroxsulam and the breeding of herbicide tolerant varieties of hulless barley.
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Objective Effects of biochar addition on the soil aggregates were analyzed for controlling erosion, maintaining permeability, and retaining water and nitrogen fertilizer on forestland. Method In a one-year pot experiment, soil sample from a forestland in Fujian was used in treatments applying either no extra materials as control (CK), a chemical fertilizer (F), wood biochar along with a chemical fertilizer (MC), or straw biochar with a chemical fertilizer (JC). The chemical fertilizer contained 1 g of urea, 2.19 g of superphosphate, and 0.44 g potassium chloride. Biochar was added at 140 g per pot. Nitrogen fertilizer distribution in soil was visualized by analytical data, and a topdressing of 5 g 15N-urea included to trace nitrogen movements. Soil aggregation and aggregate stability were monitored. Results (1) The content of macroaggregates in soil was significantly raised by MC or JC over F with the greatest effect on the aggregates larger than 2 mm—a 108.92 % increase by MC and 119.11 % by JC. (2) In comparison to F, the presence of biochar under MC and JC stabilized the aggregation structure with significantly higher indexes on MWD, GMD, and R＞0.25 mm and lower D. Between the MC and JC treatments, the latter was superior to the former. (3) The biochar addition also heightened the total nitrogen content in soil aggregates of different sizes. The MC-treated soil had a higher content than the JC counterpart. The nitrogen contribution rate by larger-than-2 mm aggregates was significantly 38.09% more under MC and 69.10 % under JC than F. (4) When biochar was added, more δ15N was detected in the ＞0.25–2 mm aggregates. MC resulted in 2.25-fold, and JC 3.89-fold, of that of F. The nitrogen retention in large aggregates significantly correlated with the aggregate stability of soil. Conclusion Application of biochar not only enhanced the stability of aggregates but also reduced nitrogen loss in soil at forestland. Nitrogen fertilizer was retained more effectively in macro- than micro-aggregates in soil. The straw biochar appeared to improve more on aggregate stability, while wood biochar more so on nitrogen retention.
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Objective Three cold-tolerant sweet maize cultivars were tested at seedling stage as well as in the field to select the variety for extending growth season to increase productivity. Method An indoor experiment using seedlings of Mintian 6855, Cuitian 618, and Guangliang 27 was conducted at 4℃ for varied durations. A field test was also carried out on the plants in cold weather. Phenotype identification was used to compare and analyze the physiological indices on the seedlings and the ear appearance in the field. Results (1) Mintian 6855 seedlings of the 3 cultivars showed the strongest cold tolerance after being treated at 4 ℃ for 24, 48, and 72 h, while Guangliang 27 seedlings the weakest. (2) The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD of the Mintian 6855 seedlings were respectively 315.43 Ug·g−1, 771.97 Ug·g−1, and 429.81 Ug·g−1; 13.9%, 28.5%, and 109.1% higher than those of Cuitian 618; and 34.3%, 18.8%, and 86.4% higher than those of Guangliang 27. Among the 3 cultivars, Mintian 6855 accumulated MDA in the least amount, and differed only on SP when treated for 48 h. (3) The SOD activity extremely significantly correlated with the treatment time. The CAT and SOD activities significantly correlated with the SP content. (4) In the field test, the well-developed ears harvested from the winter crop of Mintian 6855 had an appealing appearance free of any missing kernels. On average, the plants produced significantly more rows of kernels at 15.6 and dry kernel yield at 71.68% per ear than did Cuitian 618 or Guangliang 27. Conclusion Mintian 6855 was significantly more tolerant to low temperatures as shown phenotypically and physiologically at seedling stage. As a mature plant in the field, it bore appealing ears under cold climate.
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Objective Microencapsulation was applied to improve the stability of PGPRs for promoting corn growth. Method Rhizosphere bacteria that promote corn growth were isolated. The bacteria in broth were encapsulated using sodium alginate (SA) and CaCl2. Based on operation efficiency and PGPR survival rate, optimal conditions for the encapsulation were determined. Properties of the microencapsulated agent were analyzed for field applications with respect to the bacterial proliferation under varied artificial dehydration created by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salt, temperatures, pHs, and storage times as well as the growth and root morphology of the treated corn plants. Result Two PGPR strains capable of promoting corn growth were isolated. The optimized process using 1% SA and 3% CaCl2 yielded a high encapsulation rate of 91.27% with a viable bacteria count of 8.73×109 cfu·g−1 on 7.79x proliferation. Significant protection against the imposed adverse conditions was observed. In comparison with the virgin PGPRs broth, the encapsulation also significantly enhanced the growth of the treated corn plants with a 91.83% increase on plant height, 81.82% on seedling dry weight, and 29.57% on root dry weight over control. In addition, the total length, surface area, diameter, volume, and tip number of the roots of the corn plants grown with the encapsulated PGPRs were significantly increased as well. Conclusion Microencapsulation significantly improved the stability as well as the root morphology and growth promoting effect of PGPRs on the corn plants.
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Objective A rapid method for detecting residues of enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in seafood by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was developed. Method On spiked seafood samples, 50±5nm silver nanoparticles were used as the enhancement reagent and 200 g·L−1 NaCl solution as the extraction solution for the SERS assay. Detection results were read within 3 min and mathematical correlation between peak measurement and drug concentration examined. Based on the linearity and limit of detection, optimal assay conditions were determined. Result The assay showed several peaks on ENR and CIP standards. The C-N bending vibration caused the peak at 532 cm−1, the out-of-plane bending vibration at 552 cm−1, the C-N, C-C-F out-of-plane and C-C=O in-plane bending vibrations at 651 cm−1, the stretching vibration of C-H on the benzene ring, C-C=O out-of-plane bending vibration, C-C-N bending vibration and C-H, C-N stretching vibration at 737 cm−1, and the C-H, C-N out-of-plane bending vibration at 785 cm−1. By quantifying the characteristic peak at 737 cm−1, a linear relationship with an R2＞0.96 was found between the Raman intensity and drug concentration in the range of 10~200 ng·mL−1. The assay had a recovery rate of 78.4~106.7%, RSD of 2.1~6.7%, and a detection limit of 10 μg·kg−1. Conclusion The newly developed rapid SERS assay for detecting ENR and CIP residues in seafood was deemed accurate, stable, and applicable for field screening and testing.
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Objective Method for determining the viability of passion fruit pollens was explored to facilitate the utilization of existing germplasms and breeding new varieties. Methods Medium and conditions for in vitro culture of Passiflora pollens was optimized. Appropriate staining methods to determine and storage conditions to maximize the pollen viability were investigated. Contents of sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3)2, and polyethylene glycol-4000 (PEG-4000) of the medium were optimized in an orthogonal experiment on pollens of 6 germplasms. Pollen germination on the finalized medium for varied culture times was observed. The staining of I2-KI, TTC, and Alexander methods and storage for different durations at different temperatures were compared. Results The optimum medium was formulated with 100 g·L−1 sucrose, 0.02 g·L−1 H3BO3, 0.04 g·L−1 Ca(NO3)2, 150 g·L−1 PEG-4000, 200 g·L−1 MgSO4·7H2O, and 100 g·L−1 KNO3, then adjusted to pH 5.5. The Conclusion The medium formulation and in vitro culture time as well as the staining method and storage conditions of passion fruit pollens were determined making a rapid and reliable procedure to maximize the pollen germination available.
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Objective Effects of spent straws of tropical plants used for mulching on farm soil and corn crop were studied. Method A field experimentation was conducted on designated plots applying sugarcane leaves mulching (SLM) , decayed sugarcane leaves mulching (DSLM) , pineapple leaves mulching (PLM), Fugui bamboo leaves mulching (FLM), or two controls of plastic film covering (CK1) and no mulching (CK2). Soil pH, organic matter, total N, available P, and available K as well as corn yield and quality of the plots were determined. Result All straw mulching increased pH, organic matter, total N, available P, and available K over CK2. Specifically, FLM increased pH by 22.22% , organic matter by 21.63%, total N by 24.51%, available P by 2.74%, and available K by 389.38%. In comparison with CK1, the increases were by 9.01% on pH, by 6.42% on organic matter, by 17.59% on total N, and by 477.79% on available K but an insignificant decline on available P. For the yield of corn crop, significant increases were observed with DSLM and FLM, but no significant effect on the others. Conclusion Mulching the corn field with tropical straws improved the soil properties, corn quality, and crop yield. FLM significantly upgraded the soil fertility, while RSLM enhanced the crop yield.
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Objective A method to effectively evaluate the quality of Crassulaceae germplasms in Fujian was established. Method Based on horticultural traits, ornamental property, weather adaptability, and potential applications, 48 varieties of succulent plants in the germplasm collection in Fujian were classified by means of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)and K-Means clustering. Result The AHP analysis selected 14 morphological traits, including leaf color, mesophyll texture development, adaptability to summer conditions, plant appearance, and flowering period, which contributed a weight of 61.2% of the total ranking score, to be the key evaluation criteria. The K-Means clustering graded 7 cultivars of the 48 germplasms, Echeveri agavoides 'Ebony', Graptopetalum 'Purple Delight', Echeveria 'Alba Beauty', Graptoveria 'Opalina', Echeveria nodulosa 'Maruba', Echeveria 'Blue Elf', and Echeveria 'Peach Pride', as excellent, while 14 including Crassula rupestris F. as good and the remainders, average. Conclusion The classification on quality of Crassulaceae germplasms applied AHP and K-Means clustering basically agreed with the field observations in choosing the two top-grade groups that accounted for 43.75% of the 48 succulent plants to be the candidates for breeding and promotion.
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Objective Genetics and quality of a variety of germplasms of spring soybeans for fresh consumption were studied and evaluated for breeding and production in Fujian province. Method Descriptive statistics and analyses of variation, correlation, principal components, and clustering were applied to study the genetics of 47 germplasms. Seven phenotypic and 13 agronomic traits were selected to evaluate the quality of the spring soybeans for fresh consumption. Result Aside from plant type and podding habit, phenotypic traits differentiated significantly among the 47 germplasms. There were distinctive differences on 13 agronomic traits with variation coefficients ranging from 7.49% to 38.07%. Among them, the coefficient on the bottom pod height was the largest and that on the standard pod length the smallest. Significant correlations were found between (1) plant height and bottom pod height, number of effective branches, pod weight per plant, and standard pod yield, (2) stem girth and pod weight per plant, standard pod yield, and number of effective branches, (3) count of effective branches and pod weight per plant, standard pod yield, and fresh pod yield, (4) effective and standard pod counts per plant and pod weight per plant, and (5) pod weight per plant and standard and fresh pod yields. The CASAR normalized maximum variance rotational principal component analysis indicated that the 13 agronomic traits provided 73.677% information describing 4 major factors on pod yield, pod number, plant type, and pod shape of the plants. Based on the principal factor characteristic vector and corresponding characteristic root and the comprehensive principal component score on each of and the Euclidean distances among the 47 germplasms calculated from the standardized data on 13 agronomic traits, the method of the sum of squared deviations divided the 47 germplasms into 2 major categories and 2 sub-categories, whereas the cluster analysis classified them into 3 major categories and 2 sub-categories. The two methods drew a generally agreeable conclusion. Based on the scores of top 10 principal components, standard pod yield, and fresh pod yield of the cultivars, Nannong 1821, Mindou No. 14, Xinghuadou No. 8, Xinghua 618, Mindou No. 10, Xinghuadou No. 9, Xinghuadou No. 4, and Xinghuadou No. 3 were the choice high-quality, high-yield germplasms of spring soybeans for fresh consumption. Conclusion Of 47 spring soybean germplasms, 8 stood out as the most desirable cultivars for fresh consumption. They were also highly diversified genetically for being used as parents or intermediate materials in breeding new varieties.
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Objective TIFY protein is a key regulator of the JA signalling pathway and plays a significant regulatory role in plant growth and development, abiotic stress and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. The identification of the TIFY gene in Isodon rubescens provides a theoretical foundation for the breeding of I. rubescens with enhanced stress tolerance and the investigation of the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Method TIFY family was identified using bioinformatic methods based on the full-length transcriptome database of I. rubescens. Expressions of the genes in tissues were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Result (1) A total of 12 IrTIFYs genes were identified in I. rubescens. (2) The amino acid length was 124—378, the molecular weight 13 924.89—39 692.38 Da, and the isoelectric point ranged from 5.05 to 9.69. All members were unstable proteins, except for IrTIFY10. IrTIFY proteins were all located in the nucleus and were hydrophilic proteins without signal peptides. (3) Structural analysis indicates that IrTIFY proteins lack transmembrane structure and that the most abundant secondary structure type is random coil. Furthermore, all TIFY proteins contain multiple phosphorylation sites. (4) The IrTIFY gene family had weak codon preference, with a slight tendency to use codons ending in A or U. (5) There were many light-, hormone-, and stress-responsive cis-elements in the IrTIFY gene family, but cis-elements were difference in numbers and types among different members.（6）Evolutionary tree analysis showed that the 12 members of the TIFY family were divided into four subfamilies: PPD (IrTIFY2), ZML (IrTIFY3/8/10), TIFY (IrTIFY7/12), and JAZ (IrTIFY1/4/5/6/9/11). They were closest to that of Salvia miltiorrhiza of Labiaceae family. (7) RT-qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of all 12 members of the TIFY family of I. rubescens in different tissues was as follows: leaves > stems > roots, and most of them were significantly different. Conclusion Based on the above results, it is hypothesised that the TIFY gene family plays an important regulatory role in the growth and development of I. rubescens and may be involved in the regulation of the synthesis of secondary metabolites of I. rubescens, which lays the foundation for further in-depth study of the function of the TIFY gene family in I. rubescens and provides an idea for the further study of the function of the TIFY gene family in I. rubescens.
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Objective Sweet corn inbred lines low in accumulating Pb and Cd were identified, and a molecular detection method for the pollutants examined. Method Ten sweet corn inbred lines were tested on Pb and Cd accumulation. In a pot experiment, the heavy metals in roots, stems/leaves, and kernels of the plants grown on soil with spiked Pb and/or Cd were measured over time. Applicability of a molecular detection method on Pb and Cd at the InDel locus of ZmHMA2 in corn plant was scrutinized. Result The accumulation of Pb and Cd in organs of a corn plant was roots＞stems/leaves＞kernels. It did not differ significantly whether the metal elements were presented individually or simultaneously in the soil. Two inbred lines were identified to retain in the kernels less on Pb, 3 on Cd, and only Mintian X901 on both Pb and Cd. The targeted molecular detection found InDel 2307 locus in 4 of the specimens, the average content of Cd which contained were 1.801 mg·kg−1 lower in the roots, 0.64 mg·kg−1 lower in the stems/leaves, and 0.131 mg·kg−1 lower in the kernels compared to the average of the other varieties. Conclusion The InDel 2307 locus as a marker displayed a specificity in differentiating Cd content in corn plants grown on soils contaminated with different levels of the heavy metals. The molecular detection result and the Pb and Cd contents on the 10 sweet corn inbred lines indicated that Mintian X901 was the cultivar least prone to accumulate the pollutants.
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Objective Pathogen that caused the root rot on Atractylodes macrocephala at Xinyang, Henan Province was isolated, identified, and studied for prevention and control of the disease. Method Morphological and multiple gene analyses were employed to identify the pathogen. Biological characteristics of the isolate were determined. Result The isolate had white hyphae, oval spores with slightly pointed ends, macroconidia sized (7-10) μm× (3-4) μm with 3-5 septa, and microconidia sized (3-5) μm × (1-2) μm with two or no compartments. It showed a high homology with Fusarium fujikuroi and was, for the first time, identified as the fungal pathogen responsible for the root rot disease on Atractylodes macrocephala. It thrived at 28 ℃, pH 7, sucrose for carbon, and potassium nitrate for nitrogen. Of the 3 plant-based fungicides tested, 0.3% eugenol soluble agent exerted the greatest toxicity on the isolate with an EC50 of 6.906 mg·L−1. Conclusion F. fuciformis was identified as the pathogen that caused the root rot disease on A. macrocephala in Henan. The optimal culture conditions for the fungus included 28 ℃, pH 7, sucrose as the carbon source, and potassium nitrate as the nitrogen source.
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Objective Anthocyanin content at various growth stages and fruit quality of eggplants exposed to low temperature and/or deficient light were studied. Methods Purple black eggplant Xiu Niang was grown in a greenhouse under (A) daytime/night temperatures of 18 ℃/13 ℃ with normal lighting at 250 μmol·m−2·s−1, (B) normal temperatures of 25 ℃/20 ℃ with poor lighting at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1, (C) low temperatures of 18 ℃/13 ℃ with poor lighting at 120μmol·m−2·s−1, or (CK) normal temperatures and lighting. Growth, physiology, anthocyanin contents in different plant parts, and quality of fruit of the eggplants at seedling, flowering, and fruiting stages were monitored. Results The stresses of low temperature and/or poor lighting affected the growth of eggplant seedlings. Low temperature alone (i.e., A) exerted significantly greater effects on the growth and physiology of the seedlings than B or C. The anthocyanin contents in the organs of a seedling ranked stems＞leaf veins＞leaves＞roots. At the flowering stage, the content was higher in the petals than the calyx; and at the fruiting stage, it ranked peels＞stalks＞fruits＞pulp. The anthocyanin content in the plant at all stages under various treatments were B＜CK＜C＜A. The coloration of eggplant was intensified by the treatments in a trend of B＜CK＜C＜A. And the treatments appeared to cause reductions in the order of A＜C＜B＜CK on the soluble sugars, soluble proteins, flavonoids, and total phenols contents in the plants. Conclusion Exposure to low temperature (e.g., 18 ℃ in daytime and 13 ℃ at night) promoted, but poor lighting inhibited, anthocyanin synthesis in eggplant. When both conditions were imposed simultaneously on the plants, the effect of low temperature on anthocyanin overshadowed that of poor lighting. In contrast, the fruit quality suffered by either low temperature, poor lighting, or both, especially low temperature.
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Objective To establish a multiplex RT-PCR detection system for citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), citrus tristeza virus (CTV), and hop stunt virus (HSVd). Method Multiplex RT-PCR primers were designed, and their specificity was analyzed. The optimal concentration ratio, annealing temperature and sensitivity of primers were determined. Moreover, citrus samples from Fujian region were detected by the established multiple RT-PCR. Result The optimal concentration ratio of CYVCV-F/R, CTV-F/R, and HSVd-F/R primers was determined to be 1:1:2, and the optimal annealing temperature was 52.9 ℃. The sensitivity results showed that the system can detect positive samples diluted to 10−2 of templates. The system was applied to detect 157 citrus samples collected from some areas in Fujian, and the results showed that the detection rates of CYVCV, CTV, and HSVd were 47.1%, 56.7%, and 22.9%, respectively. Conclusion Multiplex RT-PCR detection methods for CYVCV, CTV, and HSVd pathogens on citrus have been successfully established, which can provide an accurate, rapid detection method for the three pathogens of citrus.
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: Objective The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on the growth of Kandelia obovate seedlings and the response of soil microorganisms were studied using the mangrove plant Kandelia obovate. Method Three kinds of organic fertilizers and one kind of inorganic fertilizer were selected, and four gradients of fertilizer application were set up with the no-fertilizer group (CK) as the control, and the height increment, leaf length increment, leaf width increment, leaf number increment, and chlorophyll content of autumn Kandelia obovate were determined, and the soil microbial community was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Result The optimum fertilization condition for Kandelia obovate was 9.74 g·kg−1 substrate of Zun Long fertilizer, which resulted in 117.50%, 51.15%, 63.34%, and 178.57% higher in plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number, respectively, than the control subjects after 120 days. The soil microbial community composition differed significantly between organic, inorganic fertilizers and control, with more unique microorganisms in the organic fertilized soils. The trend of soil microbial α-diversity of organic fertilizers was positively correlated with the trend of plant growth indicators, while the inorganic fertilizers were negatively correlated suggesting that organic fertilizers may promote plant growth by promoting synergistic interactions between soil microorganisms and plants. We further found that application of organic fertilizers increased the abundance of potentially beneficial soil bacteria such as Actinobacteriota and genera Nitrospira, Nocardioides, and Limibaculum. Conclusion The application of moderate amounts of organic fertilizers synergistically promoted growth of Kandelia obovate and soil microbial diversity, whereas the application of inorganic fertilizers had a relatively small effect on the growth of Kandelia obovate and negatively affected soil microbial diversity.
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: Objective To study the regulation effect of melatonin on physiological and biochemical characteristics and cell wall components of Bougainvillea under low temperature stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for alleviating the adverse effects of low temperature on the growth of Bougainvillea. Method The leaves of Bougainvillea were treated with exogenous melatonin at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 µmol·L–1) under low temperature of 4°C. The leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters [optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), apparent electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN)], antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT)], membrane lipid peroxidation products [production rate of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content], osmotic adjustment substances [soluble sugar (SS), soluble protein (SP)], and cell wall components [chelate pectin (CSP), alkali-soluble pectin (SSP), hemicellulose (HC) and cellulose (CE)] of Bougainvillea were measured during the growth cycle of each treatment group (0, 7, 14, 21 d). Result Under low temperature stress, the normal growth and development of Bougainvillea were hindered, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were unbalanced, membrane lipid peroxidation was intensified, and cell wall components were affected. The application of 100 µmol·L−1 melatonin was the most effective way to enhance the physiological activity, improve the degree of wilting, and decrease the Fv/Fm and ETR. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased significantly, and SOD, POD and CAT increased 96.45%, 104.35% and 73.11% in Angus compared with 0 d. H2O2 content and O2− production rate decreased by 21.07% and 26.85% compared with MT0 in the same period. The increase of CSP and SSP in cell wall components increased by 22.55% and 43.08% compared with 0 d. Conclusion In conclusion, This study clarified the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on the physiological characteristics of different varieties of Bougainvillea cold damage. Exogenous application of melatonin can effectively alleviate the inhibition of low temperature on the growth of Bougainvillea, reduce photosystem damage, enhance antioxidant enzyme activity, slow down membrane lipid oxidation, and regulate the content of cell wall components to maintain overall structural stability, thereby reducing low temperature damage. This provides new ideas for exploring the regulatory role of melatonin on plants under cold damage.
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Objective The breeding goals of high yield, high quality, disease resistance and lodging resistance are the focus of attention in the breeding of new glutinous rice varieties. Method In this study, some new glutinous rice germplasm with high yield, disease resistance, low amylose content and high alkali loss value were identified and evaluated, and some lines with excellent comprehensive traits were selected through the combination of traditional technology and molecular breeding. Using the incomplete diallel crossing (NC II) method, parental lines and 20 hybrid populations were constructed to evaluate the breeding value of yield and quality traits in parents and hybrid combinations. Result The actual yield of 7 excellent strains ranged from 34.42 kg·hm−2 to 40.96 kg·hm−2. The actual yield of X-104 was the highest, reaching 40.96 kg·hm−2, and the actual yield of X-27 was 34.42 kg·hm−2, which was obviously better than the three controls. The two strains were short and stout, and carried the blast resistance genes of Pi-1, Pi-kh and Pi-1, Pi-9 and Pi-kh respectively, showing moderate resistance to rice blast. AC was 1.71% and 1.68%, respectively. Alkali elimination value was 6.75 and 6.13, which had high breeding value on conventional glutinous rice. In the utilization of heterosis,in addition to positive general combining ability for plant height, restorer line X-27 also contributed to increased yield and rice quality in hybrid progeny. X-57 reduced plant height and AC in the progeny while increasing yield and alkali digestion value. X-104 exhibited high yield and good quality, but it is not conducive to heterosis utilization. Minnuo 2S/X-41 and Minnuo 2S/X-107 have obvious superrelative and competitive advantages in yield, plant height, AC and alkali loss value, and have good application value in hybrid glutinous rice. [Conlusion] The yield and quality of hybrid glutinous rice were complex characters, among which the effective panicle number, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, length-width ratio, yield per plant, AC and alkali loss value were mainly controlled by the restorer line. The broad heritability (h2B) and narrow heritability (h2N) varied 14.72% ～ 53.99%, and the narrow heritability (h2N) varied 10.25% ～ 43.07%, which were low heritability and easy to be affected by environment. Special glutinous rice hybrid rice suitable for different uses can be cultivated by a large number of combinations in breeding.
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Objective Study the effects of different fertilization rates and ratios of N, P and K on the yield and quality of processed peppers, clarify the appropriate rates for high yield and quality of processed peppers, and provide a basis for rational fertilization of processed peppers. Method A quadratic saturation D-optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was adopted, and the processing pepper variety 'Mingjiao 9' was used as the experimental material to establish the effect function of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application coding values on yield and processing quality. Result The results showed that N, P and K had a significant impact on pepper yield and processing quality, with K ＞ P ＞ N, indicating that K is an important factor affecting yield and processing quality of peppers. Single factor effect analysis shows that when the highest fertilization rates of N, P2O5 and K2O are 151.10, 59.28 and 306.78 kg·hm−2, respectively, the pepper yield reaches its highest level. When the maximum fertilization amounts of N, P2O5 and K2O 148.59, 59.34 and 291.66 kg·hm−2, respectively, the processing quality of peppers reaches the best.. In the interaction effect, the interaction of NP, NK and PK has a significant impact on the yield and processing quality of peppers. The combination of the two has a strong promoting effect on the improvement of yield and processing quality of peppers. The model optimization showed that the pepper yield exceeded 29000 kg·hm−2, the application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O were 109.24～174.43 kg·hm−2, 44.40～78.95 kg·hm−2, and 213.85～287.95 kg·hm−2, respectively, at a 95% confidence interval. The application rates of N, P2O5 and K2O were 63.08～115.23 kg·hm−2, 42.26～72.50 kg·hm−2, and 211.23～292.23 kg·hm−2, respectively, which the comprehensive score of pepper quality was above 80 points at a 95% confidence interval. Conclusion In this experiment, the fertilization scheme with a pepper yield of 29000 kg·hm−2 and a comprehensive processing quality score of 80 or above is N 109.24-115.23 kg·hm−2, P2O5 44.40~72.50 kg·hm−2, and K2O 213.85~287.95 kg·hm−2. The appropriate ratio of N, P2O5 and K2O application is about 1~1.05: 0.41~0.6: 1.96~2.64.
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Objective To explore the physiological mechanism and suitable spraying concentration of exogenous quercetin (Q) on improving drought tolerance of chestnut seedlings. Method The chestnut seedlings of Yanbao (YB) were used as test materials. The effects of different concentrations of quercetin [600 μmol·L−1 (QD1), 1200 μmol·L−1 (QD2), 1800 μmol·L−1 (QD3) and 2000 μmol·L−1 (QD4), 3000 μmol·L−1 (QD5)] on chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and flavonol content of chestnut seedlings were studied by pot water control method, with severe drought stress CK1 and normal management CK2 as control. Result Compared with CK1 without quercetin spraying treatment under severe drought stress, five different concentrations of quercetin treatment could significantly increase chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and flavonol content in chestnut leaves, and significantly reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) content in chestnut leaves, but, the state of chestnut seedlings after spraying could not return to the normal management of CK2. Through principal component analysis and membership function method, the average drought resistance values of QD1, QD2, QD3, QD4 and QD5 were 0.735, 0.641, 0.738, 1.389 and 0.828, respectively. Among them, 2000 μmol·L−1 (QD4) quercetin concentration treatment effect was the most significant. Conclusion Exogenous application of quercetin could alleviate the damage of chestnut leaf cells by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activity and chlorophyll content of chestnut seedlings, slowing down the increase rate of MDA and slowing down the rate of cell membrane peroxidation, thus improving the drought tolerance of chestnut seedlings, and the effect of 2000 μmol·L−1 (QD4) quercetin concentration treatment was the best.
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Abstact: Objective In order to provide a basis for further promoting the new technology of extending the ratoon sugarcane seed stalk by direct replanting, the effects of extending the second year of ratoon on the traits and yield of sugarcane varieties were studied. Method GL2, GT44 and YT236, three major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, were taken as the replanted population in the second year of ratoon. GF296 seed stalks were used for the direct replanting treatment on the ridge and furrow sugarcane beds with cultivated resistance and the non-replanted population was the control (CK), and the important agronomic traits and sucrose content of the replanted and non-replanted populations were determined at the harvest stage of the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of ratoon, respectively, and the economic benefits were measured. Result The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 after replanting was significantly higher than that of CK. The yield of CK decreased with the extension of permanent root years, and the population yield increased with the extension of permanent root years after replanting, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits. The effective stem number of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was negatively correlated with the ratoon years, which were −0.907, −0.931 and −0.756, respectively. The yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were −0.915, −0.905 and −0.930, respectively. The results showed that the ratoon years of three varieties were not negatively correlated with yield and number of effective stems, indicating that the ratoon years of sugarcane could be extended after replanting. At the same time, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 groups also increased after replanting, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan /hm2, 46765.80 yuan /hm2 and 42398.60 yuan /hm2 during the three-year ratoon period, respectively. Conclusion Directly replanting of GF296 could effectively extend the years of ratoon for 3 years, which was cost-effective in terms of economic benefit comparison and suitable for large-scale promotion. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for constructing high and stable yield population, realizing the potential of sugarcane ratoon, and realizing stable and high yield.
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: Objective To study the genetic rule of waxy maize yield and sugar degree, and analyze the correlation between yield, sugar degree and three ear leaves traits, so as to provide reference for breeding of fresh waxy maize with high sugar degree and explore the mechanism of the influence of three ear leaves traits on quality traits. Methods In this study, 6 inbred lines were used as test species, and 15 waxy maize inbred lines were selected for incomplete diallel hybridization (NCII design). The yield of ear, soluble sugar content (sugar degree) of grain, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and other 10 ear and plant-related traits of the hybrid combinations were measured at the harvest period (21 days after pollination). Panicle weight and sugar content were the main yield and quality traits to evaluate the contribution of L. trefoil to yield and quality. The other characters were used as reference characters to evaluate the importance of three ear leave to yield and quality. According to the measured data, general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) of ear yield and sugar content were analyzed. Results The results showed that there was a strong correlation between leaf length and ear yield in three ear leave characters. There was a strong correlation between leaf width and sugar content. There was a significant negative correlation between ear yield and sugar content, so materials with moderate leaf length and wide leaf width should be preferred in breeding process to improve the selection efficiency of high-quality waxy maize. Conclusion The study indicated that the length and width of the leaves, especially the lower ear leaves and ear position leaves, could be used as the basis for selecting breeding materials of waxy maize.
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Objective Effects of waterlogging on quality of maize kernels at filling stage were studied to decipher the mechanism and for breeding selection. Method Two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi, 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, were subjected to normal water irrigation (CK) or artificial flooding treatments (W) after pollination. The experiment lasted 14d or 18d with a total of 4 variables, i.e., CK-14, CK-18, W-14, and W-18. Contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) as well as activities of sucrose synthetase (SS-I in decomposition direction) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) of the kernels were measured. Effect of waterlogging on maize quality at filling stage was evaluated using the principal component analysis and membership function method. Result Under W-14, the contents of protein, starch, and ABA and the activities of SS-I and GBSS in 88M-1-8 were significantly higher than those in Xian 21A, so were the soluble sugar, starch, ABA, and GBSS in 88M-1-8 under W-18. As the waterlogging prolonged, the soluble protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in both inbred lines raised significantly. The protein, starch, ABA, and SS-I in 88M-1-8 increased more significantly, and the soluble sugar, sucrose and GBSS in Xian 21A more significantly in W-14 than CK-14. Furthermore, compared with CK-18, W-18 induced more significant increases on the soluble sugar and ABA in 88M-1-8, and the protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in Xian 21A. Evaluated by the principal component analysis and membership function method on various kernel quality indicators, the tolerance of the two species to flooding were 88M-1-8 under W-14＞88M-1-8 under W-18＞Xian 21A under W-14＞Xian 21A under W-18. Conclusion Artificially flooding the maize plants raised the soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in kernels over regular irrigation. 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A differed in responses to the stress. Waterlogging-tolerant 88M-1-8 was significantly higher in the GBSS activity and ABA and starch contents than Xian 21A. Nonetheless, prolonged waterlogging reduced the stress tolerance of either cultivar.
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doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
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Objective Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated. Method The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform. Result A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect. Conclusion The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
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Objective The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee. Method One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation). Result Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P＞LP＞L＞C. Conclusion Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
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Objective Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration. Method At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared. Result The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg−1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg−1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg−1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg−1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg−1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg−1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg−1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg−1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease＞alkaline phosphatase＞catalase＞sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P＜0.05, the urease with C/N at P＜0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P＜0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P＜0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P＜0.01 and with C/N at P＜0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil. Conclusion Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
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Objective Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated. Methods Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored. Results Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts. Conclusion It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
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Objective The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production. Method The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials. Result (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Conclusion Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16＞zhongmai 895.
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Objective To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam. Method Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA Conclusion Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
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2024, 39(2): 125-130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.001
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Objective A previously unknown strain of duck adenovirus B2 (DAdV B2) was isolated from a ducking of pale liver disease in Fujian and identified for epidemiological reference. Methods The virus associated with the disease was detected by PCR and isolated for identification by genome sequencing and a challenge test. Result The DAdV B2/BG48 virus infected LMH cells in the duck became swollen like a ballon, and eventually, died and disintegrated. The MDEF cells inoculated with the isolate changed from a spindle-shape to ball-like and clustered together with intercellular spaces in between. Distinctively, BG48 genome had a 3 bp insertion in the pX region, a 33 bp insertion in the ORF19B domain, and 42 bp deletion at the junction between ORF64 and ORF67. A G-base was found on the 133rd spot after the starting code of ORF67 and no truncated mutation in the terminal nor other codes compared with CH-GD-12-2014, or BG27 and BG18 previously identified. In a challenge test, BG48 induced a 50% morbidity and 0 mortality on 2-day-old Muscovy ducks with similar clinical symptoms and pathological changes between the artificially infected and the naturally diseased birds. Conclusion A novel DAdV B2 strain, BG48, from a Muscovy duck of pale liver disease was isolated and identified. The virus was uniquely characterized by multiple insertions and deletion mutations in the gene suggesting a potential of causing complex epidemic.
2024, 39(2): 131-136.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.002
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Objective Regulatory function of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in the interferon signaling pathway during an influenza virus infection on cells was studied. Method A549 cell lines were constructed with SOCS3 overexpression by a lentivirus infection and knockdown by siRNA technology. Along with control, they were infected with the influenza virus and sampled at times to assess the expressions and activation of crucial molecules within the interferon signaling pathway using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Result Decreasing expressions of type I interferon IFN-β and type III interferons IL-28 and IL-29 were observed following the SOCS3 overexpression in cells. Conversely, the SOCS3 knockdown raised the expressions of IFN-β, IL-28, and IL-29. SOCS3 overexpression also suppressed the expressions of the interferon regulatory factor IRF7 as well as those of the pattern recognition receptors RIG-I, MDA5, and TLR3 responsible for detecting influenza virus RNA. The virus induced SOCS3 overexpression inhibited, but the knockdown enhanced, the STAT1 phosphorylation. Conclusion An influenza virus invasion on cells induced SOCS3 to recognize the receptors and regulate the mRNA expression inhibiting the type I and III interferon productions and STAT1 activation resulting in a blockage on the interferon signal transmission.
2024, 39(2): 137-146.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.003
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Objective A functional analysis was conducted on the cloned bZIP transcription factor in cassava. Method The coding sequence (CDS) of ZIP2 in Cassava SC205 was amplified to perform a bioinformatic analysis in determining the subcellular localization and expression of MebZIP2. A pNC-green-subN fusion expression vector was constructed and transferred into tobacco epidermal cells using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Fluorescence signals were observed for subcellular localization of the protein. Expressions of MebZIP2 in tissues at different stages of storage root development of the plant were determined. Interactions between MebZIP2 and the promoters of starch synthesis genes were analyzed by the yeast one-hybrid assay. Result The CDS of MebZIP2 was 465 bp long encoded 154 amino acids with a molecular weight of 17 891.35 Da and an isoelectric point of 5.23. The unstable hydrophilic protein contained a bZIP-conserved domain with the highest sequence similarity to that of one of Hevea brasiliensis at 74.22%. The promoter region of MebZIP2 included responsive elements to light, hormones (such as gibberellin, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid), endosperm expression, and stresses. The protein localized in the cell membrane as well as the nucleus. The gene expressed highly in the root apical meristems, fibrous roots, stems, and at early development stages of storage roots and co-expressed with those involved starch synthesis, such as MeAPL5a, MeGBSS1, and MeISA1, whose promoters could interact with the protein. Conclusion Belonging to the bZIP family associated with plant growth, development, starch synthesis, and resistance to abiotic stress, MebZIP2 exhibited a tissue- and root development stage-specific expression. The protein interacted with the promoters of MeAPL5a, MeGBSS1, and MeISA1 related to starch synthesis in the plant. It might also be involved in cassava storage root development.
2024, 39(2): 147-153.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.004
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Objective Nutritional quality of the newly bred two-line hybrid black rice Ziliangyou 7206 was analyzed for breeding and functional food product development. Method Contents of amino acids, fatty acids, anthocyanin, and flavonoids as well as antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging ability of Ziliangyou 7206, along with Yiyou 673 as the reference, were determined. Result The two varieties of rice did not differ significantly in the contents of water, ash, and fat. However, Ziliangyou 7206 had higher contents of protein at 7.33%, the 17 total detected amino acids at 11.08%, and the essential amino acids at 9.71% (which exceeded the FAO standard) as well as higher TAVs on all flavor amino acids compared to Yiyou673. Among the 8 fatty acids in the rice, both varieties of rice had the ratio of SFA(saturated fatty acids)∶MUFA(monounsaturated fatty acids)∶PUFA(polyunsaturated fatty acids) lower than 1∶1∶1 as recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Association, and contained essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid. In addition, Ziliangyou 7206 was significantly higher than Yiyou 673 in anthocyanins, total flavonoids, total antioxidant capacity, and free radical scavenging ability. Conclusion The hybridized Ziliangyou 7206 was richer in nutritional value than Yiyou 673 and could be promoted for consumption or making functional food products.
2024, 39(2): 154-164.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.005
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Objective The biological function of AheCS gene and the correlation between citric acid content and relative expression of AheCS gene were analyzed, and the possible role of AheCS gene in the metabolism of organic acids in jackfruit was discussed. Method AheCS1, AheCS2, and AheCS3 from fruits of A. heterophyllus Haida 2 were cloned for a bioinformatic analysis. At room temperature(22±1℃) and 90% RH, changes on the gene expression and citric acid content in the fruits under natural ripening process or exposed to either 0.5 mg·L−1 of 1-MCP or 1,000 mg·L−1 of 40% ethylene (ETH) were determined. Result The citric acid content in a naturally ripening jackfruit gradually rose and declined subsequently. It increased at an accelerated rate when exposed to ETH, but the rate was slowed down by the 1-MCP treatment. The ORFs of the three genes ranged from 1 422 bp to 1 827 bp containing conserved WPNVDAHS domain and belonging to the CS family. The amino acid sequences were phylogenetically closely related to those of CsCS (MH_048698.1) in citrus with a similarity of 86.49%, MnCS (XP010087965.1) in mulberry with a similarity of 97%, and AaCS (JAT55223.1) in anthurium with a similarity of 86%. The expressions of these genes were low in the early stage and raised subsequently during natural ripening (CK). However, the exogenous ETH hastened the increasing rate of AheCS1 expression and elevated the levels of AheCS2 and AheCS3 expressions, while 1-MCP delayed the rise but heightened the expression levels of the three genes at the stage near fruit maturity. The citric acid content of the ripening fruits generally positively correlated with the gene expressions. The correlation with AheCS2 reached a statistically significant level. Conclusion AheCS2 is a potential gene involved in the regulation of citric acid accumulation during the ripening process of jackfruit, and it can be a candidate gene for further study of the function and genetic improvement of the AheCS gene in jackfruit .
2024, 39(2): 165-174.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.006
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Objective Bioinformatics of YUCCA family encoding the flavin-containing monooxygenase associated with biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in passion fruit was studied. Methods Bioinformatic methods were applied to analyze the physicochemical properties, conserved domains, chromosome location, structure, phylogenetic tree, and cis-acting elements of the genes in Passiflora edulis Sims. qRT-PCR was used to determine the expressions of some members under IAA treatment. Results There were 29 YUCCA members unevenly distributed in 8 chromosomes of P. edulis. They significantly differed in length that ranged from 552 bp to 9210 bp and contained 1–8 introns and 8 conserved motifs. A phylogenetic tree analysis divided the family into three distinct categories, and within a same class the members were highly conservative. Genetically, the genes were more closely related to Medicago sativa L. and Arabidopsis thaliana than Oryza sativa L. The cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoter of the family genes could be induced by various hormones and respond to various stresses. PeYUCCA6, PeYUCCA11, and PeYUCCA16 showed low or no expression in the leaves of Tainong and Golden Passion Fruit, but PeYUCCA23 had a high expression suggesting its predominant role in the plant development. The treatment of 100 μmol·L−1 IAA significantly elevated the expressions of PeYUCCA7, PeYUCCA13, PeYUCCA17, PeYUCCA24, and PeYUCCA26. Conclusion The expressions of YUCCAs in P. edulis varied greatly under IAA treatment. But as a family, the genes likely played an important role in the growth, development, and resistance to adverse environment of passion fruits.
2024, 39(2): 175-184.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.007
Abstract:
Objective Biological functions and lateral branching transduction mechanism of RhMAX2A were investigated by cloning the cDNA and determining the after-decapitation expressions in tissues of Rosa hybrida. Methods The cDNA sequence of RhMAX2A was cloned from hybrid tea rose Dianhong by RT-PCR for a bioinformatic analysis. The subcellular location of the gene was determined by transient transformation of PC1300s-RhMAX2A-GFP in tobacco leaves. After decapitating the plant, expressions of the gene in different organs were determined by qRT-PCR. Results The cDNA of RhMAX2A (GeneBank accession number: OP055810) was 1030 bp in length encoding 246 amino acids with the chemical formula of C2910H4793N1029O1244S210, a molecular weight of 27.35 kD, and a total atomic weight of 3909. The instability coefficient of the unstable hydrophilic protein was 53.07, the fat coefficient, 106.30, and the GRAVY value, 0.049. The protein secondary structure was mainly α-helix and random coil of a presumed F-box domain belonging to the α/β hydrolase family. RhMAX2A (OP055810) had the highest homology with that in R. chinensis Old Blush (XP_024283944.1) followed by that in Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca (XP_004287076.1) of the same closely related subfamily. The encoded protein was in the nucleus. The gene expressed most highly in the roots but also in the axillary buds, and nodes among tested organs. Decapitation on the plant significantly upregulated RhMAX2A in the roots and axillary buds. Conclusion RhMAX2A was successfully cloned from R. hybrida Dianhong, which functioned in the nucleus, expressed mainly in the roots and axillary buds, and could be upregulated by plant decapitation.
2024, 39(2): 185-192.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.008
Abstract:
Objective Effect of electric field and treatment time applied to Acacia cincinnata seeds on germination was investigated. Method A. cincinnata seeds were treated by electric voltages ranging from 0 (CK) to 1.0 kV·cm−1 for 15, 30, 45, or 60m prior to germination under normal conditions. Indicators of germination displayed by the seeds were analyzed. Result The seeds exposed to an increasing electric field for up to 60 m germinated at a rate that showed a down-up-down pattern with a peak at 45m. The germination potential and index were at the highest under 0.6−0.8 kV·cm−1 for 45 m and significantly different from CK (P＜0.05). A best fit regression function between the applied electric field and time was found to be Y = 7.73 + 135.23 X1 + 1.24 X2−86.16 X12−0.00911 X22 - 0.75 X1 X2 at R2 = 0.81 (P＜0.05). A cluster analysis indicated an extremely significant effect of the electric field/time interaction exerted on the seed germination index. Conclusion The of an electric field and treatment time applied on A. cincinnata seeds significantly affected the germination with a rate peaked under 0.6 kV·cm−1 for 45 m.
2024, 39(2): 193-198.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.009
Abstract:
Objective A highly specific polyclonal antibody of the capsid of chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) was prepared for field detection and quarantine inspection on infected Solanaceae plants. Methods The full-length (861 bp) and partial fragment (396 bp) of the gene from a ChiVMV GZ-Tabacco isolate were amplified using RT-PCR, recombined into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a, and transformed into E. coil BL21 for induced expression. After chromatographic isolation and dialysis purification, the products were used to immunize Dahl rabbits for the antibody preparation. Potency and specificity of the candidate antibodies were evaluated by ELISA and western blot. Results Two polyclonal antibodies, namely antiCP1-287aa and antiCP1-132aa with the titers of 1∶6400 and 1∶12800, respectively, were obtained. Both positively detected the antigen as shown by western blot. But the indirect ELISA on the field strains revealed that antiCP1-132aa specifically detected ChiVMV not potato virus Y (PVY), whereas antiCP1-287aa failed to differentiate the two. Conclusion The identified polyclonal antibody, antiCP1-132aa was highly specific in detecting ChiVMV in field tests. It could become a useful tool for further studies on the infectious virus of chilli peppers.
2024, 39(2): 199-205.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.010
Abstract:
Objective Deep learning to accurately identify weeds for effective weeding in vegetable fields was investigated. Method Image of a vegetable field was cropped into grid cells as sub-images of vegetables, weeds, and bare ground. Deep learning networks using the ShuffleNet, DenseNet, and ResNet models were applied to distinguish the target sub-images, particularly the areas required weeding. Precision, recall rate, F1 score, and overall and average accuracy in identifying weeds of the models were evaluated. Result Although all applied models satisfactorily distinguished weeds from vegetables, ShuffleNet could simultaneously deliver a 95.5% precision with 97% recall and a highest detection speed of 68.37 fps suitable for real-time field operations. Conclusion The newly developed method using the ShuffleNet model was feasible for precision weed control in vegetable fields.
2024, 39(2): 206-215.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.011
Abstract:
Objectives Effects of applying organic manure on the growth and photosynthesis of plants cultivated on acid red soil contaminated by aluminum were studied. Methods In a pot experiment, aluminum-laden acid red soil was used as control (CK) or blended with either pig manure at the rate of 10 g·kg−1 (P10), 30 g·kg−1 (P30), or 50 g·kg−1 (P50), chicken manure at 10 g·kg−1 (C10), 30 g·kg−1 (C30), or 50 g·kg−1 (C50), or pig and chicken manures at 15 g·kg−1 each (PC15). Biomass and photosynthetic properties including chlorophyll fluorescence indexes of Brassica napus L. seedlings grown in the pots were determined. Results Application of the organic manure in the soil significant improved the aboveground biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, and chlorophyll fluorescence indexes of the seedlings over CK (P＜0.05). In 80 d after the treatments, these indicators were higher than CK indicating the heavy metal toxicity in the soil had been gradually alleviated by chelation. At a same application rate, chicken manure rendered a greater effect than pig manure on the increases of aboveground biomass and photosynthetic pigment but less on the photosynthetic parameters, Fv/Fm and qP, while the combination of chicken and pig manures performed superior to either chicken or pig manure alone on the photosynthetic pigment content, Tr, Gs, Ci, and qN (P＜0.05). It appeared that the alkaline chicken manure benefited the growth more and that the nutrient-rich pig manure did the photosynthesis more for the seedlings. Conclusions To effectively mitigate the aluminum stress on B. napus L. seedlings grown in an acid red soil, an application of pig manure at 50 g·kg−1, and chicken manure at 30 g·kg−1 with appropriate adjustments according to the actual field conditions was recommended.
2024, 39(2): 216-224.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.012
Abstract:
Objective Effect of processing temperature in pyrolysis of discarded tomato vines on the physiochemical properties of the resulting biochar was studied. Methods Biochar of waste tomato vines were prepared under the pyrolytic temperatures of 300 ℃, 500 ℃, and 700 ℃ for 2h. Surface characteristics, element, and functional groups of the biochar were examined by means of electron microscope scanning, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Results The biochar prepared under different pyrolytic temperatures had a pH ranging 9.83-10.67. High process temperature reduced the yield but increased the ash content of the biochar. At 500 ℃, the biochar had the least amount of total nitrogen, but the highest at 300 ℃. At 500 ℃, the fixed carbon content peaked at 51.42%, and the C/N ratio at 36.63. More pores appeared on the biochar made by a lower than a higher temperature, under which ash and/or molten elements tended to cover the surface reducing the porosity. A high pyrolytic temperature, comparing 700 ℃ to 300 ℃ or 500 ℃, also raised the aromatization, as shown by the declined Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum absorption, especially at 500-800cm−1 region. Conclusion The temperature applied in pyrolysis affected the physics, chemistry, and microstructure of the tomato vine biochar. Overall, a pyrolysis process of 300-500 ℃ for 2 h appeared to deliver desirable results.
2024, 39(2): 225-236.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.013
Abstract:
Objective Charcoal baking in processing tea was optimized. Methods Fuzzy sensory evaluation score was used as the criterion in a 3-factors-3-levels response surface experiment to optimize the temperature (A), leaves spreading thickness (B), and time (C) of the tea baking with burning charcoal. A linear regression model was established for the process. Actual and theoretical sensory evaluations on the resulting tea were compared to determine the effect of the baking on tea quality and reliability of the quadratic regression model in predicting the result. Results The optimized charcoal baking spread tea leaves 3 cm thick and held at 82 ℃ for 126 min. The main aromatics in the baked tea included trans-nerol, farnesene, plant alcohol, and indole in contents corresponded to the rated grade. The major biochemicals were tea polyphenols, soluble sugars, amino acids, and caffeine in contents reflected the color and taste of the brewed tea. The sensory panel and the fuzzy evaluation on the tea yielded agreeable results. Conclusion The fuzzy sensory evaluation model appeared to be applicable for determining the process conditions of tea charcoal baking.
2024, 39(2): 237-242.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.02.014
Abstract:
Microbes remaining in soil after farming contribute over 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the agri-ecosystem. Appropriate tillages benefit the diversity and accumulation of microorganisms as well as the aggregation and properties of soil on farmland. Thus, understanding the ecological process is essential to achieve a long-term, efficient agriculture operation with maximized SOC retention. This article reviews the research progress at home and abroad encompassing the subjects such as, the pathways and contribution to SOC by microbial residues, the direct and indirect impacts of tillage methods on SOC, and the relations between tillage and microbial community in soil.
Microbes remaining in soil after farming contribute over 50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the agri-ecosystem. Appropriate tillages benefit the diversity and accumulation of microorganisms as well as the aggregation and properties of soil on farmland. Thus, understanding the ecological process is essential to achieve a long-term, efficient agriculture operation with maximized SOC retention. This article reviews the research progress at home and abroad encompassing the subjects such as, the pathways and contribution to SOC by microbial residues, the direct and indirect impacts of tillage methods on SOC, and the relations between tillage and microbial community in soil.
Journal DynamicsMORE+
- Editors of FJAS participated in the 2019 Annual Conference of Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Journals
- FJAS was selected as the latest CSCD source journal
- FJAS was selected as the " Core Journals of China " (2017, the 8th edition) (Mar 25, 2019)
- FJAS joined the Open Science Identity(OSID) Project
- The editors of FJAS participated in the Training on Academic Quality Improvement for Science and Technology Journals
- The director of the editorial department of the journal participated in the meeting of the executive council of the Fujian Journal Association
- FJAS was included in Japan Science and Technology Agency Database (JST)
Industry InformationMORE+
- Attention! Four ministries and commissions jointly published policy to promote the reform and development of Sci-tech periodicals
- There is "law" for academic misconduct in journals (2019-07-23)
- General Office of State Council and Central Committee printed "Opinions on Further Promoting the Spirit of Scientists and Strengthening the Construction of Academic Atmosphere"
- China's sci-tech periodicals should exercise "internal strength" to highlight the encirclement
- The Central Committee reviewed and approved the ‘Opinions on Deepening Reform and Cultivating World-Class Scientific and Technological Journals ’
- General Office of State Council and Central Committee printed and published "Several Opinions on Further Strengthening the Construction of Scientific Research Integrity
- Five ministries and commissions jointly issued 'Opinions on Accurately Grasping the Role of Scientific and Technological Journals in Academic Evaluation'
Co OrganizerMORE+
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Fujian Agricultural Research Center of Taiwan
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