基于地理探测器模型的福建省耕地土壤有机碳影响因素研究

陈孟耀; 刘啸歌; 黄达沧; 张黎明; 邢世和

基于地理探测器模型的福建省耕地土壤有机碳影响因素研究

陈孟耀^{1, 3,},
刘啸歌^{2, 3},
黄达沧^{2, 3, ,},
张黎明^{2, 3},
邢世和^{2, 3}

1.
福建农林大学计算机与信息学院，福建　福州　350002
2.
福建农林大学资源与环境学院，福建　福州　350002
3.
土壤生态系统健康与调控福建省高校重点实验室，福建　福州　350002

基金项目: 福建省自然科学基金项目（2022J05037）；福建省中青年教师教育科研项目（JAT210080）；国家自然科学基金项目（41971050）；“土壤生态系统健康与调控福建省高校重点实验室建设”校科创新项目（KFb22121XA，KFb23195A）。

详细信息

作者简介:
陈孟耀（1998 —），男，硕士研究生，主要从事生态环境与资源统计研究，Email：1220073494@qq.com

通讯作者:
黄达沧（1989 —），男，博士，副教授，主要从事时空统计与分析研究，Email：huangdc@lreis.ac.cn

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出版历程
- 录用日期: 2024-07-03
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-10

A Study on the Factors Influencing Soil Organic Carbon in Cultivated Land of Fujian Province Based on Geodetector Model

CHEN Mengyao^{1, 3
,},
LIU Xiaoge^{2, 3},
HUANG Dacang^{2, 3
, ,},
ZHANG Liming^{2, 3},
XING Shihe^{2, 3}

1.
College of Computer and Information, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian　350002, China
2.
College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian　350002, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Ecosystem Health and Regulation of Fujian Universities, Fuzhou , Fujian　350002 , China

摘要

摘要: 目的土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon，SOC）的空间分布及其影响因素研究对于制定合理的农业管理措施和气候变化应对政策具有重要意义。方法本研究基于福建省3万多个耕地土壤调查样点数据，利用皮尔逊相关系数、随机森林模型计算SOC影响因素的重要性，并通过地理探测器模型分析影响全省耕地土壤有机碳空间分布的因素。结果 2008年福建省耕地土壤有机碳样点数据的范围在0.12～67.28 g·kg⁻¹之间，呈现东南部沿海低、西部和中部高的空间格局。三种模型中地理探测器模型的分析结果最全面和客观。地理探测器模型的因子探测器结果表明气候相关因素是福建省耕地土壤有机碳含量空间分异性的主要影响因子，各影响因子按解释程度前六名分别为：年降水量（0.1685）＞年均温（0.1677）＞海拔（0.1499）＞气候类型（0.1359）＞土壤类型（0.0824）＞地貌类型（0.0731）。通过交互探测器进一步发现年降水量与年均温的交互作用对SOC空间分异的解释程度最大（0.1941），其次为年降水量与土壤类型（0.1923）、年降水量与耕地利用类型（0.1918）。结论强烈的因子交互作用表明，福建省耕地土壤有机碳含量空间分异性是由多种因子共同作用影响而非单一因子决定，对SOC进行研究需要考虑其复杂的空间分异特征。本研究可为提高耕地土壤的空间使用效率、合理布局农业生产提供科学依据。
- 土壤有机碳 /
- 地理探测器 /
- 空间分布 /
- 影响因素 /
- 交互作用
Abstract: Objective The spatial distribution and influencing factors of soil organic carbon (SOC) are of great significance for formulating reasonable agricultural management measures and climate change response policies. Method This study is based on data from over 30000 farmland soil survey sites in Fujian Province. Pearson correlation coefficient and random forest model are used to calculate the importance of SOC influencing factors, and Geodetector model is used to analyze the factors affecting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in farmland throughout the province. Result The range of soil organic carbon sample data for cultivated land in Fujian Province in 2008 was between 0.12 and 67.28 g·kg⁻¹, showing a spatial pattern of low coastal areas in the southeast and high in the west and central regions. The analysis results of the Geodetector model are the most comprehensive and objective among the three models. The results of factor detector of the Geodetector model indicate that climate related factors are the main influencing factors for the spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon content in cultivated land in Fujian Province. The top six explanatory factors are: Annual precipitation (0.1685)＞Annual average temperature (0.1677)＞Altitude (0.1449)＞Climate type (0.1359)＞Soil type (0.0824)＞ Landform type (0.0731). Through interactive detectors, it was further discovered that the interaction between annual precipitation and annual average temperature has the greatest explanatory power for SOC spatial differentiation (0.1941), followed by annual precipitation and soil type (0.1923), annual precipitation and cultivated land use type (0.1918). Conclusion The strong factor interaction indicates that the spatial variability of soil organic carbon content in cultivated land in Fujian Province is influenced by multiple factors rather than a single factor. Each factor has a non-linear impact on soil organic carbon in different numerical ranges. This study can provide scientific basis for improving the spatial utilization efficiency of cultivated soil and rational layout of agricultural production.
- Soil organic carbon /
- geodetector /
- spatial distribution /
- influencing factors /
- interaction

HTML全文

图 1 福建省位置示意图

Figure 1. Location diagram of Fujian Province

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图 2 福建省耕地土壤有机碳空间分布

Figure 2. Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon of cultivated land in Fujian Province

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图 3 基于随机森林模型的各因素重要性雷达图

Figure 3. Radar diagram of the importance of various factors based on random forest model

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图 4 土壤有机碳含量影响因素因子探测结果

Figure 4. Detection results of factors affecting soil organic carbon content

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图 5 土壤有机碳含量影响因素交互作用探测结果热力图

Figure 5. Heat map of the interaction detection results of factors affecting soil organic carbon content

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表 1 各连续性因素与土壤有机碳相关分析

Table 1. Correlation analysis between various continuity factors and soil organic carbon

指标 Index	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon	年均温 Annual average temperature	年降水量 Annual precipitation	坡度 Slope	坡向 Slope orientation	海拔 Altitude	归一化植被指数 NDVI
土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon	1
年均温 Annual average temperature	−0.333^**	1
年降水量 Annual precipitation	0.380^**	−0.878^**	1
坡度 Slope	0.138^**	−0.404^**	0.387^**	1
坡向 Slope orientation	−0.044^**	0.041^**	−0.062^**	−0.133^**	1
海拔 Altitude	0.284^**	−0.868^**	0.703^**	0.477^**	0.062^**	1
归一化植被指数 NDVI	0.134^**	−0.398^**	0.391^**	0.381^**	−0.129^**	0.317^**	1
^表示在P ＜0.01级别，相关性显著。 ^ indicates a significant correlation at the P ＜0.01 level.

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表 3 气候因素对土壤有机碳的影响

Table 3. Impact of climate factors on soil organic carbon

指标 Index	等级 Grade	样点数量 Number of sample points	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon/（g·kg⁻¹）			标准差 Standard deviation/ （g·kg⁻¹）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation /%
指标 Index	等级 Grade	样点数量 Number of sample points	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation/ （g·kg⁻¹）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation /%
年均温 Annual average temperature / ℃	10.00≤年均温＜17.16	3337	0.17	50.69	17.74	7.35	41.43
	17.16≤年均温＜17.95	2934	1.28	43.44	17.41	5.59	32.10
	17.95≤年均温＜18.73	5883	1.39	43.15	17.46	5.55	31.79
	18.73≤年均温≤19.51	5857	0.12	67.28	17.07	6.16	36.09
	19.51≤年均温≤20.29	4838	0.58	43.85	16.66	6.04	36.25
	20.29≤年均温≤21.08	5428	0.19	37.12	11.79	5.48	46.48
	21.08＜年均温	3082	0.20	32.89	10.57	4.99	47.21
年降水量 Annual precipitation /mm	1041≤年降水量＜1232	5598	0.19	35.50	10.56	4.50	42.61
	1232≤年降水量＜1338	3720	0.58	62.93	13.64	5.87	43.04
	1338≤年降水量＜1438	5165	0.12	41.76	16.61	5.77	34.74
	1438≤年降水量＜1531	6552	1.16	43.85	17.06	5.56	32.59
	1531≤年降水量＜1644	8094	0.17	67.28	17.69	6.14	34.71
	1644≤年降水量＜1848	2230	2.38	50.69	17.70	8.02	45.31
气候类型 Climate type	中亚热带 Middle subtropical zone	21274	0.17	67.28	17.27	6.14	35.56
气候类型 Climate type	南亚热带 South subtropical zone	10085	0.12	39.61	12.17	5.73	47.08

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表 4 不同土壤类型、耕地利用和地貌类型下的土壤有机碳分布

Table 4. Effects of different soil types, cultivated land Use, and landform types on soil organic carbon

指标 Index	类型 Type	样点数量 Number of sample points	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon/（g·kg⁻¹）			标准差 Standard deviation/ （g·kg⁻¹）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation /%
指标 Index	类型 Type	样点数量 Number of sample points	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation/ （g·kg⁻¹）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation /%
土壤类型 Soil type	水稻土 Paddy soil	27997	0.12	67.28	16.16	6.28	39.86
	赤红壤 Lateritic red soil	1831	0.58	30.80	9.72	4.72	48.56
	红壤 Red earth	912	1.22	43.85	15.68	6.56	41.84
	风砂土 Aeolian sandy soil	225	0.58	21.27	5.31	3.56	67.04
	滨海盐土 Coastal saline soil	175	0.99	27.20	7.91	5.10	64.48
	潮土 Tidal soil	108	1.80	30.97	11.56	5.55	48.01
	黄壤 Yellow soil	79	3.60	49.36	17.06	8.96	52.52
	紫色土 Purple soil	32	6.90	31.15	15.92	5.19	32.60
耕地利用类型 Cultivated land use type	灌溉水田 Irrigated paddy fields	23936	0.12	67.28	16.21	6.30	38.86
	旱地 Dry land	3434	0.58	50.69	11.64	6.58	56.53
	望天田 Non-irrigated paddy field	3288	0.17	42.92	16.57	5.75	34.70
	水浇地 Irrigated land	552	1.39	38.80	10.74	5.58	51.96
	菜地 Vegetable field	149	1.69	34.80	11.35	6.42	56.56
地貌类型 Landform type	平原台地 Plain platform	6942	0.19	50.11	12.36	6.44	52.10
	丘陵 Hill	8377	0.45	67.28	16.46	6.44	39.13
	小起伏山地 Small undulating mountains	14921	0.12	62.93	16.63	6.04	36.32
	中起伏山地 Medium undulating mountain	1119	1.39	38.34	16.39	5.74	35.02

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表 2 不同影响因子下的福建省耕地土壤有机碳含量分级

Table 2. Classification of soil organic carbon content in cultivated land of Fujian Province under different influencing factors

分级分类 Graded classification	年均温 Annual average temperature/ ℃	年降水量 Annual precipitation/ mm	坡度 Slope/°	坡向 Slope orientation/ °	海拔 Altitude/ m	归一化植被指数 NDVI	气候类型 Climate type	地貌类型 Landform type	耕地利用类型 Cultivated land use type	土壤类型 Soil type
1	10.00～17.16	1041～1232	0～3	−1～2	1～112	−1～−0.09	中亚热带 Middle subtropical zone	平原台地 Plain platform	灌溉水田 Irrigated paddy fields	水稻土 Paddy soil
2	17.16～17.95	1232～1338	3～5	2～6	112～244	−0.09～0.13	南亚热带 South subtropical zone	丘陵 Hill	旱地 Dry land	赤红壤 Lateritic red soil
3	17.95～18.73	1338～1438	5～8	6～18	244～376	0.13～0.35		小起伏山地 Small undulating mountains	望天田 Non-irrigated paddy field	红壤 Red earth
4	18.73～19.51	1438～1531	8～12	18～50	376～508	0.35～0.57		中起伏山地 Medium undulating mountain	水浇地 Irrigated land	风砂土 Aeolian sandy soil
5	19.51～20.29	1531～1644	12～17	50～134	508～639	0.57～1		大起伏山地 Great undulating mountains	菜地 Vegetable field	滨海盐土 Coastal saline soil
6	20.29～21.08	1644～1848	17～60	134～360	639～1348					潮土 Tidal soil
7	＞21.08									黄壤 Yellow soil
8										紫色土 Purple soil
9										石灰土 Limestone soil
根据最优参数地理探测器计算结果，年均温、海拔和NDVI采用标准差分类法，分为7类、6类和5类；年降水量采用自然间距分类法，分为6类；坡度采用分位数分类法，分为6类；坡向采用几何间隔分类法，分为6类。 According to calculation results of the optimal geographic detector parameters, annual average temperature, altitude, and NDVI are classified using standard deviation classification method, which is divided into 7 categories, 6 categories, and 5 categories; Annual precipitation is classified into 6 categories using natural interval classification method; Slope is classified into 6 categories using quantile classification method; Slope orientation adopts geometric interval classification method, which is divided into 6 categories.

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表 5 地形因素对土壤有机碳的影响

Table 5. Impact of terrain factors on soil organic carbon

指标 Index	等级 Grade	样点数量 Number of sample points/个	土壤有机碳 Soil organic carbon/g·kg⁻¹			标准差 Standard deviation/g·kg⁻¹	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
指标 Index	等级 Grade	样点数量 Number of sample points/个	最小值 Minimum value	最大值 Maximum value	平均值 Average value	标准差 Standard deviation/g·kg⁻¹	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
坡度 Slope/°	0≤坡度 Slope ＜3	5243	0.41	67.28	13.60	6.52	47.94
	3≤坡度 Slope ＜5	5218	0.19	43.85	14.57	6.77	46.46
	5≤坡度 Slope ＜8	5213	0.58	49.88	15.93	6.54	41.05
	8≤坡度 Slope ＜12	5217	0.93	45.19	16.41	6.22	37.90
	12≤坡度 Slope ＜17	5241	1.39	49.36	16.69	6.06	36.31
	17≤坡度 Slope≤60	5227	0.12	62.93	16.58	6.04	36.43
坡向 Slope orientation /°	−1≤坡向 Slope orientation ＜2	391	1.16	50.69	14.54	6.84	47.04
	2≤坡向 Slope orientation ＜6	309	2.73	38.74	16.21	6.20	38.25
	6≤坡向 Slope orientation ＜18	956	1.10	41.18	15.31	6.18	40.37
	18≤坡向 Slope orientation ＜50	3376	0.99	50.11	16.10	6.56	40.75
	50≤坡向 Slope orientation≤134	9924	0.20	62.93	15.99	6.43	40.21
	134≤坡向 Slope orientation≤360	16403	0.12	67.28	15.35	6.47	42.15
海拔 Altitude/m	1≤海拔 Altitude＜112	9598	0.19	43.85	11.87	5.73	48.27
	112≤海拔 Altitude＜244	5080	1.16	67.28	17.41	6.29	36.13
	244≤海拔 Altitude＜376	5341	1.28	62.93	17.33	5.51	31.79
	376≤海拔 Altitude＜508	4197	0.12	43.44	16.87	5.56	32.96
	508≤海拔 Altitude＜639	2932	0.17	42.75	17.20	5.75	33.43
	639≤海拔 Altitude≤1348	4211	2.20	50.69	17.56	7.07	40.26

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