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: Objective In order to explore the effect of pine wood nematode invasion on the host Pinus massoniana. Method 4-year old Masson pine was used as test material, Masson pine injected with pine wood nematode (PWN(+)) was used as treatment group, and Masson pine injected with ddH2O (PWN(−)) was used as control group in this study. The changes of pine wood nematode invaded Masson pine at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) were quantified based on multi-omics [phenomics, transcriptome, microbiome and metabolome]. Result The results showed that compared to the PWN(−) group, the PWN(+) group exhibited a significantly increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) contented by 3.2-fold and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contented by 1.7-fold (P＜0.05). The expression levels of c60547.graph_c0 and c82953.graph_c0, unigenes encoding stress responsive pathways, were significantly higher in the PWN(+) group than in the PWN(−) group (P＜0.05). On the other hand, the expression levels of c64867.graph_c0, c68789.graph_c0, terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, and c81022.graph_c0, syncytium formation, were significantly lower in the PWN(+) group compared to the PWN(−) group (P＜0.05). The microbial diversity in the PWN(+) group was significantly lower than in the PWN(−) group (P＜0.05). The order Hypocreales was the dominant microorganism in the PWN(+) group. Functional annotations and abundance information from the bioinformatics database KEGG mainly focused on the replication and repair pathways, DNA replication pathway (PATH:ko03030), and DNA replication protein pathway (BR:ko03032). In the metabolome, there were 365 and 351 differentially regulated metabolites in the upregulated and downregulated categories, respectively. In the PWN(+) group, substances like Phloretin, Ursodiol, and carbenpenicillin increased in content to resist the invasion of PWN. The significantly different metabolites were notably enriched in the ABC transporters pathway. transporters, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Flavonoid biosynthesis, and Glycerophospholipid metabolism. Conclusion When the pine wood nematode invades Masson pine, the host initiates a series of complex defensive responses. These reactions do not exist in isolation, but work together through various mechanisms to cope with the infection of pine wood nematode. These results contribute to a multi-omic understanding of the impact of PWN invasion on Masson pine and provide a foundational reference for exploring the interactions between forest decline induced by PWN infestation and its host plant, Masson pine.
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Objective Effects of fertilizer type and application rate on the growth of Kandelia obovate seedlings as well as the microbial community in soil were studied. Method In a field experiment, K. obovate seedlings were planted on lots treated by 3 different organic fertilizers or an inorganic fertilizer at 4 application rates, along with no-fertilizer as control (CK). Plant height and leaf length, width, number, and chlorophyll content of the seedling in the autumn were determined. Composition of the microbial community in soil was detected by high-throughput sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene. Result On the lots applied with Zun Long Fertilizer at the rate of 9.74 g·kg−1, the seedlings, in comparison to those on CK, were 117.50% taller and had 51.15% longer, 63.34% wider, and 178.57% more leaves in 120 d. The microbial compositions in the soil at the lots applied with organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, and CK differed significantly. In addition, there were more distinct species on the organic fertilizers-treated soil than on the others. The plant grew positively with the microbial α-diversity in soil treated with the organic fertilizers, but negatively in soil treated with the inorganic fertilizers. Moreover, the organic fertilization fostered proliferation of beneficial microbes, such as Actinobacteriota and genera Nitrospira, Nocardioides, and Limibaculum, which could synergistically promote the plant growth as well. Conclusion Application of organic fertilizer enhanced the growth of K. obovate as well as the microbial diversity of soil. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer provided relatively limited benefits on the growth of the plants, yet considerably hindered the development of a healthy soil microbiome.
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: [ Objective ] Analyzing the community structure of endophytic bacteria in root nodules is important to develop the rhizobium inoculants and understand the mechanism of fixing nitrogen. [ Method ] This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of endophytic bacteria in root nodules of A. sinicus. Seven cultivars of A. sinicus planted in Fujian province were selected to analyze the diversity of endophytic bacteria in root nodules using 16S rRNA gene as the target gene with Illumina Miseq PE300 sequencing platform. [ Result ] C ultivar could impact the composition of nodule endophytic bacteria. The most abundant genus in ZZ5 root nodule was Pseudomonas but the predominnat genus was Mesorhizobiumin in other cultivars. Furthermore, we found high Shannon indices of endophytic bacterial communities in the root nodules of MZ8, XY and ZZ5. These cultivars had a large diversity of non-rhizobial endophytes like Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Duganella and Erwinia, etc. The higher relative abundances of pathogen Erwinia rhapontici and Pantoea ananatis PA13 were observed in the root nodules of MZ8, XY and ZZ5. [ Conclusions ] The predominant endophytic bacteria of cultivar ZZ5 is non-rhizobial microorganism Pesudomonas which had the growth-promoting effect, while rhizobia are the predominant microorganism in other cultivars. Different cultivars can be applied in combination to get more effect.
: [ Objective ] Analyzing the community structure of endophytic bacteria in root nodules is important to develop the rhizobium inoculants and understand the mechanism of fixing nitrogen. [ Method ] This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of endophytic bacteria in root nodules of A. sinicus. Seven cultivars of A. sinicus planted in Fujian province were selected to analyze the diversity of endophytic bacteria in root nodules using 16S rRNA gene as the target gene with Illumina Miseq PE300 sequencing platform. [ Result ] C ultivar could impact the composition of nodule endophytic bacteria. The most abundant genus in ZZ5 root nodule was Pseudomonas but the predominnat genus was Mesorhizobiumin in other cultivars. Furthermore, we found high Shannon indices of endophytic bacterial communities in the root nodules of MZ8, XY and ZZ5. These cultivars had a large diversity of non-rhizobial endophytes like Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Duganella and Erwinia, etc. The higher relative abundances of pathogen Erwinia rhapontici and Pantoea ananatis PA13 were observed in the root nodules of MZ8, XY and ZZ5. [ Conclusions ] The predominant endophytic bacteria of cultivar ZZ5 is non-rhizobial microorganism Pesudomonas which had the growth-promoting effect, while rhizobia are the predominant microorganism in other cultivars. Different cultivars can be applied in combination to get more effect.
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: Objective In order to explore the evaluation indicators for the distinguishable traits of natural variants in planting population of Iris hollandica. Methods According to the DUS testing guidelines of bulbous Iris, four variants from the wild-type variety Chunzhimeng, namely MHS5-3, XCQ5-1, MZB7-2, and CZL7-3, were evaluated for botanical and agronomic traits, and their main ornamental traits were analyzed and compared. Results The morphological, flowering, and growth characteristics of natural variants were basically consistent with those of wild-type plants. Among the 40 investigated traits, the expression status of 7 false quality traits, including bud color, groud color of upper side of blade in outer tepal, color of Inner tepal, filament color, color of upper side in bridge, color of upper side in crest, and groud color of upper side of claw in outer tepal, were significantly different from the wild-type and had distinguishability. The expression of the other 33 personality traits is basically consistent, and the corresponding phenotypes are highly similar, with similar values and no significant differences. Conclusion In the inheritance of traits in Iris hollandica, flower color variation may be an important indicator for distinguishing between natural variants and wild types. Among them, yellow and blue have stronger variability compared to purple and white, which can provide ideas and reference basis for new variety breeding and germplasm innovation in Iris hollandica.
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Objective To optimize the liquid culture medium for Stropharia rugosoannulata and investigate its growth patterns during the liquid culture process, thereby establishing the parameters for the reproduction and cultivation of the liquid spawn. Methods Using S. rugosoannulata No.8 as the experimental strain, the mycelial biomass was taken as the evaluation index. A single factor and orthogonal test L9(34) were employed to optimize the liquid culture medium. The mycelial biomass, reducing sugars, and amino nitrogen content, as well as the extracellular enzyme activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, amylase, acid protease, and laccase of the optimized liquid culture were measured to determine the end point of liquid culture. The average full-bag time was used as the indicator to establish the inoculation amount, particle size of the substrate formulation, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for reproduction and cultivation of the liquid spawn. Results The optimal formulation for the liquid spawn of S. rugosoannulata was determined to be 20 g·L−1 glucose, 30 g·L−1 wheat flour, 0.75 g·L−1 yeast powder, 1.00 g·L−1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.50 g·L−1 magnesium sulfate, with an initial pH of 5. On the 8th day of culture, the mycelial biomass reached a maximum at 1.66 g/100mL. The content of reducing sugar decreased from 12.23 mg·L−1 to 1.38 mg·L−1, and the content of amino nitrogen decreased from 0.09 mg·L−1 to 0.06 mg·L−1 during the liquid culture process. The activities of carboxymethyl cellulase and amylase was the highest on the 4 th day with the activity of 6.49 U and 5.16 U, respectively. The activity of acid protease was the highest on the 2 nd day, and the enzyme activity was 1.80 U. The laccase activity was the highest on the 6 th day, and the enzyme activity was 1.63 U. The production parameters for the breeding and cultivation of the liquid inoculum were: an inoculation amount of 15 mL, a coarse-to-fine ratio of 7:3 for the particle size of the substrate formulation, and a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of 50:1. Conclusion The viability of liquid spawn of S. rugosoannulata correlated with some of selected physiological and biochemical indices. Combining the physiological and biochemical indicators of the fermentation fluid, the highest vitality of the liquid spawn was judged to be on the 7th day. Using of liquid spawn of S. rugosoannulata for reproduction and cultivation, the average hyphal pocketful time is 23.7 d, which can shorten the growth cycle by 2.7 d. The research results have established the formulation of the liquid culture medium and the accompanying spawn-making process for S. rugosoannulata, laying the foundation for the industrial spawn production technology.
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Objective The spatial distribution and influencing factors of soil organic carbon (SOC) are of great significance for formulating reasonable agricultural management measures and climate change response policies. Method This study is based on data from over 30000 farmland soil survey sites in Fujian Province. Pearson correlation coefficient and random forest model are used to calculate the importance of SOC influencing factors, and Geodetector model is used to analyze the factors affecting the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in farmland throughout the province. Result The range of soil organic carbon sample data for cultivated land in Fujian Province in 2008 was between 0.12 and 67.28 g·kg−1, showing a spatial pattern of low coastal areas in the southeast and high in the west and central regions. The analysis results of the Geodetector model are the most comprehensive and objective among the three models. The results of factor detector of the Geodetector model indicate that climate related factors are the main influencing factors for the spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon content in cultivated land in Fujian Province. The top six explanatory factors are: Annual precipitation (0.1685)＞Annual average temperature (0.1677)＞Altitude (0.1449)＞Climate type (0.1359)＞Soil type (0.0824)＞ Landform type (0.0731). Through interactive detectors, it was further discovered that the interaction between annual precipitation and annual average temperature has the greatest explanatory power for SOC spatial differentiation (0.1941), followed by annual precipitation and soil type (0.1923), annual precipitation and cultivated land use type (0.1918). Conclusion The strong factor interaction indicates that the spatial variability of soil organic carbon content in cultivated land in Fujian Province is influenced by multiple factors rather than a single factor. Each factor has a non-linear impact on soil organic carbon in different numerical ranges. This study can provide scientific basis for improving the spatial utilization efficiency of cultivated soil and rational layout of agricultural production.
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Objective The matrix effects generated during the determination of 15 pesticide residues in six types of tea by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was analyzed, and the alternative matrices that can be used for simultaneous processing of common batch samples in daily detection was discussed . Methods Tea samples were pre-treated with QuEChERS to prepare solvent standard curves and matrix standard curves with the mass concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 032mg/L, and then the matrix effects were calculated after samples determined by GC-MS/MS. Results The results showed that an enhanced matrix effect was generated during the determination of 15 pesticide residues in six types of tea which the strong matrix effect was the main one. The matrix effect ranged from 1.35%～411.58%, and the strong, medium, and weak matrix effects were 73.33%, 23.33%, and 3.33%, respectively. When black tea was using as an alternative matrix, an enhanced matrix effect was generated during the determination of 15 pesticide residues in six types of tea which the week matrix effect was the main one, The matrix effect ranged from 0.62%～59.22%, and the strong, medium, and weak matrix effects were1.33%, 14.67% and 84.00%. When the mix tea sample was using as an alternative matrix, a suppressed matrix effect was generated during the determination of 15 pesticide residues in six types of tea which the week matrix effect was the main one, The matrix effect ranged from 0.09%～48.09%, and the strong, medium, and weak matrix effects were 0, 13.33% and 86.67%. Conclusion The matrix effect of tea samples is complex, we can use matrix standard curve during the determination of 15 pesticide residues in six types of tea to reduce the impact of matrix effects. The mix tea sample using as an alternative matrix can improve the analysis efficiency of batch samples effectively.
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Objective Effects of extending the conventional two-year sugarcane ratooning on the agronomy, yield, and economics of the 3rd year crop were analyzed. Method On ridge and furrow beds, 3 major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, GL2, GT44, and YT236, were cultivated conventionally as control. In the 3rd year of the experiment, GF296 sugarcane stems started from seeds were used as replacement to fill in the areas where second-year ratoons of the 3 chosen varieties of sugarcane did not sprout in the spring following the replanting. Major agronomic characteristics and sucrose content of all harvested crops in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year were determined or a comparative economic evaluation. Result The number of effective stems of replanted population of Guiliu 2 (GL2), Guitang 44 (GT44) and Yuetang 00236 (YT236) was significantly higher than that of non-replanted population (CK), and the yield of GL2 population, GT44 population, YT236 population and their corresponding CK population decreased with the extension of rooting years, and the population yield increased with the extension of the ratoon years. Comparing the ratoon sugarcane varieties GL2, GT44, and YT236 with their control groups, it was found that there were differences in measurements such as plant height, stem diameter, and weight per stem across various ratoon years. The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon, which were-0.907,-0.931 and-0.756, respectively, and the yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were-0.915,-0.905 and-0.930, respectively. The results showed that the years of ratoon of the three varieties were not correlated with the yield and the number of effective stems after replanting, indicating that the ratoon root years of sugarcane could be prolonged after replanting. At the same time, after replanting, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations also increased, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan·hm2, 46765.80 yuan·hm2 and 42398.60 yuan·hm2, respectively. Conclusion Direct replanting of GF296 seed stem can effectively prolong 3-year of ratoon, significantly increase the economic benefits of the population, and so it should be popularized in a large area. Our results provided theoretical basis for constructing high-yield and stable sugarcane groups, exerting the potential of ratoon, and realizing stable and high-yield cultivation.
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Objective In order to study the physiological and biochemical changes and differential gene expression of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during physiological post-ripening. Method the contents of superoxide dismutase, α-amylase, β-amylase, soluble protein, crude fat and soluble sugar at each stage were analyzed by chemical determination method. The differentially expressed genes in 6 stages were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the expression levels of key differentially expressed genes were verified by qRT-PCR. Result (1) During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the soluble sugar content increased gradually in the first four stages, and slightly decreased in the last two stages; The crude fat and protein showed a decreasing trend. The activity of α-amylase and β-amylase increased. (2) During physiological postripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in sucrose and starch metabolic pathways and hormone signal transduction pathways. Conclusion During the physiological post-ripening process of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds, the conversion of starch and other nutrients and the coordination of endogenous hormones promoted the physiological post-ripening of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds. This study is of great significance for understanding the physiological and biochemical changes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua seeds during post-ripening and the molecular mechanism of dormancy release.
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: [ Objective ] To investigate the role of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) VfNHX1 gene in response to salt stress. Methods In this study, a Na+/H+ reverse transporter protein-encoding gene, VfNHX1, was cloned from faba bean by 3' and 5' RACE, and was subjected to bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization, expression analysis under salt stress, and preliminary functional validation. Results (1) The results showed that the gene VfNHX1 has the sequence size of 2255 bp and the CDS coding region was 1629 bp which encodes a protein with 542 amino acids. (2) The bioinformatics analysis indicated that VfNHX1 had 10 transmembrane regions and no signal peptide. It was a stable transmembrane protein and contained a typical Na-H Exchanger conserved functional domain of NHX family. Subcellular localization analysis showed that VfNHX1 was present in vacuolar membrane. (3) The expression level of VfNHX1 after NaCl treatment was determined using real-time fluorescence quantification (qRT-PCR). The result showed that the expression of VfNHX1 in leaves showed a trend of decreasing and then increasing, followed by decreasing, and reached the highest value at 12 h. In roots, the expression of VfNHX1 decreased and then increased, and the expression was significantly increased at 48 h (P＜0.01). (4) Yeast growth experiments showed that VfNHX1 could improve the tolerance of salt-sensitive yeast mutant AXT4K to high salt stress. Conclusion These results suggested that the VfNHX1 gene is able to respond to salt stress and is a potential functional gene for salt resistance in faba bean.
: [ Objective ] To investigate the role of the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) VfNHX1 gene in response to salt stress.
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Objective A simple method to evaluate the fire blight disease resistance of pear cultivars was developed. Method Fruits of 77 pear germplasms, including 36 cultivars and 41 hybrid progenies of Kuerlexiangli pear, were artificially infected with Erwinia amylovora at young, expansion, and ripening stages to examine the pathogenic responses. A protocol for grading the disease resistance of the germplasms was proposed. Results It appeared that, 24 h after an artificial E. amylovora inoculation, the fruits at young stage more than at expansion or ripening stage displayed symptoms sufficient for an effective assessment of the resistance of the pear plants. Using the method, significant variations on the disease resistance were observed on the 77 germplasms. Of the cultivars, 13 were shown to be highly susceptible to the infection, 11 susceptible, 27 moderately susceptible, and 26 resistant (i.e., 33.77% of the total). Conclusion The system to evaluate and determine the resistance of a pear cultivar to fire blight was developed. It was based on the response of the young fruits to a pathogenic inoculation with E. amylovora. In 24h after the artificial infection on the fruits, 26 of the 77 sampled germplasms were determined to be resistant to the disease and could be used for breeding purposes.
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Objective Pathogens that caused the root rot disease on Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in Fujian were identified. Methods Based on the survey of P. cyrtonema root rot disease in three planting areas in the province, infected plants and rhizomes were sampled to isolate the microbes. Suspected pathogens were examined morphologically and molecular biologically prior to a pathogenicity test for a confirmed identification. Results Approximately 10.50% the typical disease symptoms appeared on the plants, and 17.65% on the rhizomes at harvest. Based on the morphological characteristics, FOF1/FOR1 and F8/R8 PCR amplification of specific primer, and sequences of translation elongation factor-1α (tef-1α) gene, the pathogens that caused the infection were identified to include Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, Conclusion F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. fujikuroi were identified to be the pathogens of the root rot disease on P. cyrtonema in Fujian. F. fujikuroi was the first time to be associated with the outbreak in China.
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Objective Utilization of spent grape vines as substrate to cultivate edible mushrooms was investigated. Method Seven strains of Coprinus comatus were cultured on 6 differently formulated substrates using dead and pruned branches from grape vines grown on the eastern foothills of Mt. Helan in an experimentation. From 42 designed treatments, bio-efficiency, nutritional conversion, and heavy metal transfer in the mushroom cultivation were compared. Result The bio-efficiency of 16 treatments was greater than 100% with CM6 that grew on the CC900 substrate containing 20% grape branches being the highest. The harvested C. comatus had a significantly higher crude polysaccharide content than control grown on a conventional medium without the added grape branches. Treatments DM4 and CM3 also performed well. The bio-efficiency rendered by the various treatments closely correlated to the ash content of the cultured mushrooms but not significantly to the yield, appearance, flavor, or food safety of the harvests. Conclusion Spent grape branches could not only be utilized to adequately replace the traditional materials for cultivating C. comatus but also improve the yield and nutrition of the mushrooms grown on the substrate.
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Objective Mitochondrial genome of Yellowfin Puffer (Takifugu xanthopterus) was studied to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogeny of the fish. Method Mitochondrial genome of T. xanthopterus found in Dayang River was sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology. Result The complete mitochondrial genome was 16,444bp (GenBank accession no. MT560586) consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs, one control region, and one OL. The 13 protein-coding genes started with ATG codon except for cox1, which started with a special GTG codon. Cox2 ended with codon T. The preference codon (RSCU＞2) included Arg (CGA) and Ser (UCC). All 22 tRNA genes, except trnS1, had the typical cloverleaf-like secondary structure. Taking Monotreta leiurus as the outgroup, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 16 species of pufferfish were analyzed for evolutionary relationship. The phylogenetic tree constructed by Bayes software showed that T. xanthopterus was closely related to T. chrysops and T. pardalis. Conclusion The mitochondrial genome structure and gene order of T. xanthopterus as analyzed seemed to be typical of fish.
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Objective Amaranth cultivation enriched by applications of selenium and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated. Method In a pot experiment, selenium and AMF were added to the soil in cultivating Amaranthus tricolor L. seedlings. Effects on the photosynthesis, growth, and selenium accumulation of the plants were monitored. Result The selenium treatment significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll a and b, transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) but reduced the amaranthine and not significantly affected the infection rate of or dependence on the mycorrhizae of the seedlings. On the other hand, AMF along with the application of various selenium compounds promoted the amaranth growth and increased the leaf amaranthine content, photosynthetic capacity, and selenium accumulation in the roots, stems and leaves. Conclusion Combined AMF and selenium applications benefited the photosynthesis and nutritional quality of A. tricolor.
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Objective Mathematic models for accurate real-time prediction on evapotranspiration of greenhouse cucumber plants during fruiting period were evaluated to optimize the irrigation operation. Method Cucumber plants were cultivated in a greenhouse. During the fruiting period, microclimate conditions were automatically monitored by sensors and recorders, and plant evapotranspiration determined by weighing the fruits. Using transplanting time, air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and daily average irrigation amount of previous 5d as inputs, models including the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) were evaluated according to the cucumber evapotranspiration prediction. A data collection interval of 20min was applied. Result Of the tested models, GRU performed with the highest coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.8577, root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.3279g, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.6744g. It also yielded the lowest relative error fluctuation between the predicted and the measured data ranging from 0.11% to 10.01% when the daily real-time cumulative evapotranspiration of cucumbers exceeded 50g. Conclusion The GRU-based model could best predict the greenhouse cucumber evapotranspiration at fruiting stage. The information could aid better water management for cucumber cultivation.
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Objective Migratory and dispersal behaviors of Empoasca vitis (Göthe) at tea plantations were analyzed. Method Yellow insect-trapping boards attached to ballons were strategically placed at varying heights and orientations in a tea plantation to catch E. vitis. The HYSPLIT-4 airflow dynamics model and meteorological data were used to analyze and simulate the insect migration and dispersion patterns. Based upon the field survey and the data on the population density and dispersion, factors driving the E. vitis movement were postulated. Result The maximum flying altitude of E. vitis was 8 m. The insect population steadily declined from 2 m up to 8 m. The HYSPLIT-4 generated insect movement trajectory indicated that the migration time was the only determinant, not the flying altitude nor dispersal distance. The 24h-migration of the insects ranged 35.70-178.10km and transformed between aggregated and random distribution patterns that typified the dispersion. Conclusion E. vitis migrated from region to region affected by prevailing air currents. The movement transitioned between aggregated and random dispersion in the field and regions. Consequently, effective pest control should be executed in the target area and extended no more than 200 km from the border.
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Objective Stability of the reference genes of Ganoderma pseudoferreum under stresses was determined for studying the gene functions and mechanism of the red root rot disease on rubber trees. Methods RNA of G. pseudoferreum mycelia under a stress of temperature, salt, oxidation, pH, drought, or a biocontrol bacteria invasion were isolated and reverse-transcribed into cDNA. RT-qPCR was applied to amplify 6 candidate reference genes, i.e., UBC, ACT, RPL6, β-TUB, APT, and 28s. Software geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used to determine the stability of the genes under stresses. Results The RNA of all samples displayed two clear bands and melting curves with a single peak. Analyses by geNorm, NormFinder, Bestkeeper, and RefFinder collectively ranked the expression stability of the genes under a temperature stress as UBC ＞ACT ＞RPL6 ＞β-TUB ＞28s ＞APT; that under a salt stress, ACT ＞RPL6 ＞UBC ＞APT ＞β-TUB ＞28s; that under an oxidative stress, UBC ＞ ACT ＞28s ＞APT ＞β-TUB ＞RPL6; that under a pH stress, RPL6 ＞UBC ＞APT＞ACT ＞ β-TUB ＞28s; that under a drought stress, ACT ＞ UBC ＞β-TUB ＞RPL6 ＞APT ＞28s; and that under the biotic stress, UBC ＞ACT ＞RPL6 ＞ 28s ＞APT ＞β-TUB. Conclusion It appeared that ACT and UBC to be the choice reference genes for normalizing the gene expression under drought, oxidation, temperature, and biotic stresses, while ACT and RPL6 under a salt stress, and UBC and RPL6 under a pH stress.
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Objective Preferential carbon sources of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were studied in laboratory to aid turning native grasses into silage. Method Sixteen representative LAB were isolated from forage and cultured on MRS broth media using glucose, sucrose, fructose, xylose, raffinose, or a mixture of the 5 sugars as carbon source. Three replicates for each LAB strain and a blank control without LAB inoculation for each sugar treatment were included. After incubation for 24h, contents of residual sugars and generated lactic acid in the medium were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results (1) Sucrose appeared to be the preferential carbon source by most LAB. Among the other sugars, raffinose and xylose were preferred by Lactobacillus fermentum (LbF-WM), and xylose by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides (LeP-IR). (2) An 100% utilization on sucrose by Lb. reuteri (LbR-EG) and Leuconostoc citreum (LeC-IR), on fructose by LbF-WM and LbR-EG, as well as on raffinose by LbF-WM, LbR-EG, and LeP-IR was observed. Enterococcus faecium (EF-KG), Lb. brevis (LbB-KG), Lactobacillus pentosus (LbPe-EG), and Lactococcus lactis (LcL-SC) could more efficiently utilize glucose than the other sugars. (3) The greatest amounts of lactic acid were produced from the fermentation of glucose or the mixed sugars by E. durans (EG-IR), from that of fructose by LbPe-EG, from that of raffinose or the sugar mixture by Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LeM-IR), Conclusion The sugar utilization and lactic acid production of the LAB fermentations on native grasses varied significantly. For efficient and effective application of LAB to obtain extended shelf-life silage, it was imperative that careful selection of microbe strains and carbon source be exercised.
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Objective Growth-regulating factors (GRF) is a unique protein of plants, which plays an important role in mugwort growth and stress. It plays an important role in Artemisia argyi growth and stress stress. Method To understand the biological characteristics of the GRF gene family in Artemisia argyi, this study conducted bioinformatic analysis of physical and chemical properties, gene structure, evolution and expression of the GRF gene family; analyzed the expression patterns of the members of the gene family in different tissues, stress and different hormones using transcriptomic data and real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Result A total of 17 GRF family members were identified from the A. argyi genome, physicochemical identification showed that all are hydrophilic proteins; The phylogenetic evolutionary tree falls into four subfamilies; The motif analysis indicated that genes of the same clade in the evolutionary tree have a similar or the same conserved motif; The AaGRF gene family members are randomly distributed on 11 different chromosomes; The AaGRF gene family promoter contains multiple stress and hormone-responsive elements; The AaGRF gene family showed different trends in response to salinity stress; The expression pattern of this family members in the roots, stems and leaves of A. argyi is tissue-specific; After treatment with abscisic acid, indoacetic acid, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate, AaGRF05, AaGRF06, AaGRF11 and AaGRF14 showed the highest gene expression at 12 hour after treatment, indicating that most of the genes are involved in regulation during prophase. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper shows that the GRF gene family participates in the regulation of A. argyi growth and stresses, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the comprehensive exploration of the function of GRF family in the next step research.
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Objective Genetic improvement on 5 traits of rice through heterosis by hybridizing Indica-Japonica was analyzed. Method Following the NC-II incomplete diallel hybridization protocol, 14 rice parents and 48 hybrid combinations were generated for the analysis. Genetics, heterosis, and correlations of growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width, and spikelet length-width ratio of the varieties were evaluated according to the additive and dominant genetic effects. Result The ratios of additive variance component to phenotypic variance (VA/VP) on the growth period, plant height, spikelet length, spikelet width, and spikelet length-width ratio of the rice were 69.2%, 74.2%, 58.9%, 66.0%, and 63.5%, respectively. The variations of broad-sense heritability (H2B) and narrow-sense heritability (H2N) were 59.0-99.6% and 69.2-98.9%, respectively, at significant or extremely significant level. The traits were largely controlled by additive effects, little by environmental factors, and only effective for early generation selection in breeding practice. The growth period, plant height, spikelet length, pikelet width, and spikelet length-width ratio of most combinations displayed a heterosis of both negative intermediate and super parent hybrid vigor. The growth period of the hybrids was shortened, the plant height reduced, and the spikelet length-width ratio in between two parents. The growth period was an independent genetic trait, while the plant height somewhat positively correlated with the grain shape. Conclusion In breeding Indica-Japonicahybrids, balancing the benefits gained on the growth period, plant height, grain shape, and other traits through heterosis needed be carefully considered.
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Objective Leaf diseases and infestations on mango trees were classified for database establishment and precision identification by combining the Mobilenet V3 model with Selective Kernel Network (SKNet). Method To improve the accuracy of disease and infestation classification on mango plants, data augmentation was firstly conducted. A denoising diffusion model was applied to expand the dataset followed by using a multi-scale structural similarity index to examine the similarity between the virtually generated and the camera-captured images of the diseases or infestations. Then, the training and generation effects of DDIM and DCGAN networks were compared. In the Mobilenet V3 model, the SE attention module was replaced with SKNet to construct the final platform. Results The MS-SSIM index of all types of DDIM images was greater than 0.63, which was higher than that of DCGAN. The classification accuracy of 98% delivered by merging SKNet with Mobilenet V3 was the best performance. Furthermore, combination of the two programs afforded more focus on the diseased leaves than did other smooth grade activation visualization by adding CA, CBAM, or ECA. Conclusion The newly developed classification method by integrating SKNet and Mobilenet V3 performed satisfactorily in distinguishing various diseased or infested mango leaves. The application not only significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of disease identification but also reduced the epidemic monitoring costs by easily incorporating it with mobile or embedded devices.
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: [ Objective ] SNP markers development and genetic diversity analysis of Canarium album were perfomed to facilitate the protection and utilization of germplasm resources of C. album. [ Method ] SNP markers of C. album were developed based on SLAF-Seq technology, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity were studied by phylogenetic analysis, population cluster analysis and principal component analysis. [ Result ] A total of 506 701 SLAF loci were mined, including 27 108 polymorphic SLAF loci, and 361 386 SNP markers were developed. Based on these SNP markers, germplasm resources of C. album were respectively divided into 3 and 6 groups by phylogenetic tree and population cluster analysis. The overall Nei diversity index and Shanon Wiener index were 0.321 and 0.472, respectively. The results of two classification methods showed that germplasm resources of C. album from different regions were not classified strictly according to regional distribution. [ Conclusion ] The genetic diversity of germplasm resources of C. album had great genetic diversity which were exchange frequently among different regions, and the developed SNP markers of C. album could effectively identify the germplasm resources.
: [ Objective ] SNP markers development and genetic diversity analysis of Canarium album were perfomed to facilitate the protection and utilization of germplasm resources of C. album. [ Method ] SNP markers of C. album were developed based on SLAF-Seq technology, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity were studied by phylogenetic analysis, population cluster analysis and principal component analysis. [ Result ] A total of 506 701 SLAF loci were mined, including 27 108 polymorphic SLAF loci, and 361 386 SNP markers were developed. Based on these SNP markers, germplasm resources of C. album were respectively divided into 3 and 6 groups by phylogenetic tree and population cluster analysis. The overall Nei diversity index and Shanon Wiener index were 0.321 and 0.472, respectively. The results of two classification methods showed that germplasm resources of C. album from different regions were not classified strictly according to regional distribution. [ Conclusion ] The genetic diversity of germplasm resources of C. album had great genetic diversity which were exchange frequently among different regions, and the developed SNP markers of C. album could effectively identify the germplasm resources.
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Objective The relation between somatic incompatibility (SI) and genetic difference of Ganoderma sinense was investigated. This will provide the basis for evaluating genetic differences of G.sinense strains by SI test. Method Construction of dikaryon strains using unidirectional or bidirectional nuclear migration test with seven monokaryon of G.sinense as parents. Then SI reaction was tested on the PDA medium, and the genetic differences between them were analyzed by ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers. Result Eleven dikaron strains of five types with clear genetic relationship were obtained. The SI reactions were result in compatibility and incompatibility. And the incompatibility emerged three types of gap, gap with line and wall-like structure. The combined analysis of ISSR, RAPD and SRAP molecular markers genetic similarity coefficients ranging from 0.29 to 0.97 among the eleven strains.The UPMGA clustering diagram was able to demonstrate the genetic relationship of eleven trains, and these genetic relationships correspond to those of the parental sources. Conclusion The nucleus has a large effect on the SI response of G.sinense, whereas the cytoplasm has a minimal effect on it. The type of SI reaction of G. sinense strains corresponds to their genetic differences. So in the future evaluation of genetic differences in G. sinense germplasm resources, a simple and convenient method of SI could be applied for preliminary analysis.
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Objective Liupao Tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Liupao) was studied for the genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis for target breeding. Methods Anthocyanin were extracted with ethanol hydrochloride from Liubao Tea plants bearing purple or green buds. Transcriptome sequencing was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2500 high-throughput platform to identify differentially expressed genes, determine expression of the genes related to anthocyanin synthesis, and conduct GO and KEGG enrichment analyses on the extracts. The sequencing results were subsequently verified by fluorescence quantification PCR. Results The young leaves on the tea plants borne with purple buds contained sevenfold higher anthocyanin than those on the plants with green buds. The transcriptome of the genes of the purple buds had 165570 unigenes with an average length of 1450 bp. Of them, 243 related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and 43 significantly differentially expressed between the two types of plants. The 43 differentiated genes encoded 14 key enzymes, i.e., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cinnamate acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), flavonol synthase (FLS), flavonoid-3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavanone-3-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Conclusion Thirty-four genes significantly upregulated in Liupao Tea plants with purple buds were found to be associated with 14 key enzymes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis. They were speculated to play an important role in the bud color differentiation between the two varieties.
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Abstact: Objective In order to provide a basis for further promoting the new technology of extending the ratoon sugarcane seed stalk by direct replanting, the effects of extending the second year of ratoon on the traits and yield of sugarcane varieties were studied. Method GL2, GT44 and YT236, three major sugarcane varieties in Guangxi Province, were taken as the replanted population in the second year of ratoon. GF296 seed stalks were used for the direct replanting treatment on the ridge and furrow sugarcane beds with cultivated resistance and the non-replanted population was the control (CK), and the important agronomic traits and sucrose content of the replanted and non-replanted populations were determined at the harvest stage of the 3rd, 4th and 5th year of ratoon, respectively, and the economic benefits were measured. Result The number of effective stems of GL2, GT44 and YT236 after replanting was significantly higher than that of CK. The yield of CK decreased with the extension of permanent root years, and the population yield increased with the extension of permanent root years after replanting, but there was no significant difference in other agronomic traits. The effective stem number of GL2, GT44 and YT236 populations without replanting was negatively correlated with the ratoon years, which were −0.907, −0.931 and −0.756, respectively. The yield was also significantly negatively correlated with the years of ratoon roots, which were −0.915, −0.905 and −0.930, respectively. The results showed that the ratoon years of three varieties were not negatively correlated with yield and number of effective stems, indicating that the ratoon years of sugarcane could be extended after replanting. At the same time, the economic benefits of GL2, GT44 and YT236 groups also increased after replanting, and their total net income increased by 48120.80 yuan /hm2, 46765.80 yuan /hm2 and 42398.60 yuan /hm2 during the three-year ratoon period, respectively. Conclusion Directly replanting of GF296 could effectively extend the years of ratoon for 3 years, which was cost-effective in terms of economic benefit comparison and suitable for large-scale promotion. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for constructing high and stable yield population, realizing the potential of sugarcane ratoon, and realizing stable and high yield.
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: Objective To study the genetic rule of waxy maize yield and sugar degree, and analyze the correlation between yield, sugar degree and three ear leaves traits, so as to provide reference for breeding of fresh waxy maize with high sugar degree and explore the mechanism of the influence of three ear leaves traits on quality traits. Methods In this study, 6 inbred lines were used as test species, and 15 waxy maize inbred lines were selected for incomplete diallel hybridization (NCII design). The yield of ear, soluble sugar content (sugar degree) of grain, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, and other 10 ear and plant-related traits of the hybrid combinations were measured at the harvest period (21 days after pollination). Panicle weight and sugar content were the main yield and quality traits to evaluate the contribution of L. trefoil to yield and quality. The other characters were used as reference characters to evaluate the importance of three ear leave to yield and quality. According to the measured data, general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA) of ear yield and sugar content were analyzed. Results The results showed that there was a strong correlation between leaf length and ear yield in three ear leave characters. There was a strong correlation between leaf width and sugar content. There was a significant negative correlation between ear yield and sugar content, so materials with moderate leaf length and wide leaf width should be preferred in breeding process to improve the selection efficiency of high-quality waxy maize. Conclusion The study indicated that the length and width of the leaves, especially the lower ear leaves and ear position leaves, could be used as the basis for selecting breeding materials of waxy maize.
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Objective Effects of waterlogging on quality of maize kernels at filling stage were studied to decipher the mechanism and for breeding selection. Method Two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi, 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, were subjected to normal water irrigation (CK) or artificial flooding treatments (W) after pollination. The experiment lasted 14d or 18d with a total of 4 variables, i.e., CK-14, CK-18, W-14, and W-18. Contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) as well as activities of sucrose synthetase (SS-I in decomposition direction) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) of the kernels were measured. Effect of waterlogging on maize quality at filling stage was evaluated using the principal component analysis and membership function method. Result Under W-14, the contents of protein, starch, and ABA and the activities of SS-I and GBSS in 88M-1-8 were significantly higher than those in Xian 21A, so were the soluble sugar, starch, ABA, and GBSS in 88M-1-8 under W-18. As the waterlogging prolonged, the soluble protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in both inbred lines raised significantly. The protein, starch, ABA, and SS-I in 88M-1-8 increased more significantly, and the soluble sugar, sucrose and GBSS in Xian 21A more significantly in W-14 than CK-14. Furthermore, compared with CK-18, W-18 induced more significant increases on the soluble sugar and ABA in 88M-1-8, and the protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in Xian 21A. Evaluated by the principal component analysis and membership function method on various kernel quality indicators, the tolerance of the two species to flooding were 88M-1-8 under W-14＞88M-1-8 under W-18＞Xian 21A under W-14＞Xian 21A under W-18. Conclusion Artificially flooding the maize plants raised the soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in kernels over regular irrigation. 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A differed in responses to the stress. Waterlogging-tolerant 88M-1-8 was significantly higher in the GBSS activity and ABA and starch contents than Xian 21A. Nonetheless, prolonged waterlogging reduced the stress tolerance of either cultivar.
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doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
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Objective Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated. Method The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform. Result A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect. Conclusion The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
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Objective The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee. Method One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation). Result Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P＞LP＞L＞C. Conclusion Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
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Objective Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration. Method At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared. Result The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg−1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg−1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg−1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg−1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg−1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg−1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg−1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg−1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease＞alkaline phosphatase＞catalase＞sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P＜0.05, the urease with C/N at P＜0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P＜0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P＜0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P＜0.01 and with C/N at P＜0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil. Conclusion Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
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Objective Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated. Methods Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored. Results Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts. Conclusion It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
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Objective The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production. Method The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials. Result (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Conclusion Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16＞zhongmai 895.
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Objective To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam. Method Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA Conclusion Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
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2024, 39(4): 369-377.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.001
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Objective Effects of Yupingfeng on the growth performance, immune function and serum biochemical indices of Dehua black chicken were investigated, and the safety of Yupingfeng was observed. Method Astragalus membranaceus, Atractylodis macrocephalae Koidz. and Radix Saposhnikoviae were mixed and decocted at a mass ratio of 2:2:1 to make the decoction concentration at 1 g·mL-1 of raw materials. The tested 160 30-day-old Dehua black chickens with similar body weight were randomly divided into a low-dose group (treated with 1.25 mL Yupingfeng decoction per chicken per day), a medium-dose group (treated with 1.875 mL), a high-dose group (treated with 2.5 mL), and a control group（0 mL). Each group had 4 replicates, with 10 chickens in each replicate. Yupingfeng decoction was mixed in drinking water and fed for 25 days. Blood and duodenum were sampled to test relevant indicators of growth performance, intestinal morphology immune function, antioxidant capacity and serum biochemistry. Results Compared with the control group, 1）the daily weight gains in groups of the medium- and high-dose were increased by 16.77%(P＜0.05) and 27.58%(P＜0.01), and the feed conversion ratios of the three dose groups were increased by 8.30%,14.61% and 21.92%, respectively; 2）the levels of IL-2 of serum in the three dose groups, and the levels of SIgA of the duodenal mucosa in the medium- and high-dose groups were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) ; the levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α of serum in the three dose groups were significantly decreased (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01) . 3) the reduction of the MDA concentration in the three dose groups was extremely significant (P＜0.01), while the GSH-Px activity and SOD activity in the three dose groups, the CAT activity and T-AOC activity in the high dose group, were significantly increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). 4) In the medium- and high- dose groups, the crypt depth was decreased (P＜0.05), while the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was increased(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01); 5) In the three dose groups , there were no significant differences in the serum biochemical indices of total bilirubin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and creatine kinase (P＞0.05). Conclusion The Yupingfeng decoction can improve the growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and immune function with anti-inflammatory effect and maintaining immune homeostasis in Dehua black chicken. And Yupingfeng decotion is safe, and the proper dosage is 2.5 mL per chicken per day.
2024, 39(4): 378-386.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.002
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Objective To clarify the pathogenicity and culture characteristics of Goose astrovirus(GAstV). Methods Disease diagnosis and pathogen isolation, identification, gene sequencing, culture characteristics , and pathogenicity on a goose at a farm in Guangdong showing visceral and gout symptoms were conducted. Results The Goose astrovirus (GAstV) isolated from the tissue sample was named GD2208. It showed the highest homology of 97.4%–99.1% with the reference strain GAstV-Ⅱ based on the ORF2 gene nucleotide sequence. They belonged to the same evolutionary branch on the evolutionary tree. In an animal regression test, the chicks inoculated with GD2208 displayed similar clinical symptoms as well as the pathological and histopathological changes observed on the naturally infected 3-day-old goose and had a 20% mortality rate. The isolate could proliferate in goose embryos, but unable to adapt to SPF chicken or Muscovy duck embryos after 4 generations of blind transmission. It could also grow in GEK and LMH cells with the apparent cytopathic effects or in DF-1 cells without the effects after 8 generations of blind transmission. Conclusion A GAstV-Ⅱ strain isolated from a diseased goose when inoculated in healthy chicks produced similar symptoms on the birds, and it could grow in goose embryos, GEK, LMH, and DF-1 cells.
2024, 39(4): 387-397.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.003
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Objective Correlation between the mutation sites of tyrosinase related protein 1b gene, TYRP1b, and body color traits of Danio rerio was investigated. Method DNA of muscles from zebrafish of three significantly different body color phenotypes were used as the templates. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes were tested by PCR and Sanger direct sequencing to determine the relationship between the mutation sites of TYRP1b and traits of zebrafish body color. Result The exon 2, partial intron 3, exon 4, intron 4, exon 5, intron 5, exon 6, and exon 7 of TYRP1b were 134 bp, 212 bp, 168 bp, 135 bp, 180 bp, 113 bp, 150 bp, and 171bp in length, respectively. Eighteen SNPs were found in 219 zebrafish with body color of red, yellow, and blue. Of them, 11 (i.e., g.2125G＞A, g.2150G＞A, g.2152G＞T, g.2161C＞A, g.2175A＞T, g.2180G＞T, g.2185A＞T, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, g.2201A＞C, and g.2213T＞C) were located in partial intron 3, 5 (i.e., g.7C＞A, g.65A＞G, g.84T＞A, and g.103C＞T) in intron 4 and g.61G＞T in intron 5, and the synonymous mutation g.125G＞T in exon 4 and g.80T＞A in exon 6. No SNPs were detected in exons 2, 5, and 7. An association analysis showed that the genotypes of g.2152G＞T, g.2175A＞T, g.2180T＞G, g.2192A＞C, g.2200A＞T, and g.2201A＞C in intron 3, g.65A＞G in intron 4, and g.80T＞A in exon 6 of TYRP1b significantly correlated with zebrafish body color (P＜0.01). Conclusion It appeared that 8 SNPs in introns 3, 4, and exon 6 of TYRP1b in D. rerio were associated with body color phenotype of the fish.
2024, 39(4): 398-408.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.004
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Objective In order to improve the yield, quality and resistance of traditional glutinous rice varieties, and meet the development demand of special glutinous rice market. Method Glutinous rice germplasms of high yield, disease resistance, low amylose content (AC), and high alkali spreading value (ASV) were evaluated and identified. Using the incomplete diallel crossing(NC II) method, the selected parental lines and 20 hybrids were pooled to construct a matrix for breeding evaluation. Result The actual yields of 7 choice germplasms ranged from 7744.35 to 9216.45 kg·hm−2, among which X-104 had the highest real cut yield of 9216.45 kg·hm−2 and X-27 had the highest real cut yield of 8960.40 kg·hm−2, which were significantly higher than those of the 3 reference varieties. The abovementioned two short and stout cultivars respectively carried Pi-1 and Pi-kh and Pi-1, Pi-9, and Pi-kh genes were moderate resistance to rice blast. They had AC of 1.71% and 1.68% as well as ASV of 6.75 and 6.13, respectively, indicating low gelatinization temperature. For heterosis in breeding, X-27 exhibited a combining ability of higher on grain yield and quality in addition to taller on plant height; X-57 of greater on yield and ASV but lower on plant height and AC; and X-104, despite the high grain yield and quality, did not offer meaningful advantages. Among the hybrids, Minnuo 2S/X-41 and Minnuo 2S/X-107 were significantly superior to their parents in terms of grain yield, plant height, AC, and ASV. Conclusion The determination of grain yield and quality of glutinous rice involves numerous factors such as effective panicle number, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, length-to-width ratio, yield per plant, AC, and ASV. The broad heritability (h2B) of such traits of the parents and hybrids in this study ranged between 14.72%–53.99%, and the narrow heritability (h2N) between 10.25%–43.07%. The relatively low indexes indicated instability and being prone to environmental effects in gene transfer from generation to generation. Consequently, breeding glutinous rice targeted for a specific use would require a complicated process of selection and hybridization.
2024, 39(4): 409-417.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.005
Abstract:
Objective Effects of practices of tillage and green manure utilization on fertility and enzyme activity of soil and yield of sugarcane crop under a continuous cultivation were evaluated. Method On a sugarcane field, the traditional rotary tillage (TCK), Fenlong tillage (FLCK), Fenlong tillage with sugarcane and soybean discards returned to sugarcane roots (FLG), and soybean discards returned to wide rows (FLK) were applied with a random block design. Contents of organic matter and available nutrients and activities of urease, saccharase, acid phosphatase, and catalase as well as yield and quality of sugarcane crop under treatments were compared. Result (1) The treatments induced significantly varied effects on the fertility and enzyme activity of the soil. The 40.6% to 76.7% organic matter contents in the soil around the roots and wide rows were significantly higher than that of TCK (P＜0.05). FLG, FLK, and FLCK significantly raised the available N and P in the soil around the roots with an increase of 16.1%–41.8%. (2) The activities of urease (except under FLG), sucrase, acid phosphatase, and catalase in the soil under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 0.7-166.7% higher than those under TCK. (3) The 2-year average sugarcane yields under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were 13.1%–30.5% higher than under TCK. Those of FLG and FLK were significantly higher than that of FLCK by 9.9%–15.3% with FLG showing the highest average of 86 043 kg·hm−2. The sucrose content, brix, gravity purity, apparent purity, and pol of sugarcane grown under FLG, FLK, and FLCK were higher than those under TCK. (4) The sugarcane yield significantly correlated with soil urease activity, and extremely significantly correlated with soil sucrase, acid phosphatase, catalase activity, organic matter, available N, and available P. Conclusion Fenlong tillage with green manure returned to the land significantly improved the nutrient contents and enzyme activities in the soil as well as the sugarcane yield and quality on a continuous cropping field. Ease for field operation, Fenlong tillage using green manure on wide rows was recommended for local farming.
2024, 39(4): 418-426.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.006
Abstract:
Objective Varieties of sweet cherry cultivars from Sichuan Province were analyzed for self-compatibility by the presence of mutant S gene. Method Using the universal and specific primers of S genotype, DNA from the leaves of 39 Cerasus avium L. specimens collected in Sichuan were amplified by PCR. The amplified fragments containing SFB4 and/or SFB4' were sequenced for comparison and further analysis. Result Six genes of S genotype were identified from the 39 sweet cherry specimens with 27 of them having S3 genes, 19 having S9, 12 having S1, 11 having S4, 7 having S6, and 3 having S2. In the 11 specimens containing S4 genes, the ORF sequences of SFBs were amplified. By comparing SFB4 and SFB4', 4 base deletions at 903 bp were observed on the mutant. Subsequently, with a specially designed primer for SFB4', the sequencing indicated the SFB in 7 of the specimens to be SFB4'. Conclusion Six S genes were identified in the 39 C. avium specimens collected in Sichuan. The S4 from 7 of the specimens was the mutant gene, SFB4'.
2024, 39(4): 427-437.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.007
Abstract:
Objective To explore the effects of paclobutrazol (PAC) and ethephon (ETH) on carbon and nitrogen metabolism, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the flowering plant of Erythrina sykesii, and provide theoretical basis for regulating the flowering period of E. sykesii. Methods Eight-year-old E. sykesii. were treated with three sprays of PAC (600 mg·L−1) and ETH (50 mg·L−1) during the bud physiological differentiation stage, with distilled water as the control (CK). The contents of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, endogenous hormone levels, and flower-related gene expression in the top buds were detected during different bud physiological differentiation periods, and the inflorescence size and number, and branch flowering rate were investigated and statistically analyzed during the peak flowering period. Results After spraying PAC and ETH on the leaves of E. sykesii., the soluble sugar and total carbon (C) content in the top buds gradually increased with the progress of physiological differentiation, while the soluble protein and total nitrogen (N) content gradually decreased, resulting in an increase in the C/N ratio. Among them, there were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum C/N ratio at the end of physiological differentiation. The endogenous hormone content in the top buds also changed with the physiological differentiation process, with zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) content gradually increasing, while gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content gradually decreasing; resulting in a gradual increase in the ratios of ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3. There were significant differences between the PAC+ETH treatment and the PAC and ETH treatments, with the PAC+ETH treatment reaching the maximum ABA/IAA, ABA/GA3, ZR/IAA, and ZR/GA3 ratios at the end of physiological differentiation, which were 317.49%, 185.34%, 310.58%, and 180.62% higher than the control, respectively. The flowering-promoting gene Flowering Locus T (FT) began to express and the gene amount gradually increased during the middle stage of physiological differentiation, while SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), APETALA 1 (AP1), SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), and LEAFY (LFY) genes were significantly expressed at the end of physiological differentiation. The flowering-inhibiting gene TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) began to express and the gene amount gradually decreased during the early stage of physiological differentiation. Both paclobutrazol and ethephon treatments promoted the flowering bud differentiation process and flowering induction of E. sykesii. The plant treated with PAC+ETH had an advanced flowering period of 12 days, a flowering rate of 36.46%, and a total flowering period of 55 days. Conclusion During the physiological differentiation stage of the flower buds of E. sykesii., spraying paclobutrazol and ethenol is conducive to enhancing the content of carbon and nitrogen metabolites, modulating endogenous hormone levels, stimulating the expression of flowering-related genes, and effectively facilitating floral bud differentiation in E. sykesii.
2024, 39(4): 438-447.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.008
Abstract:
Objective Effect of application of a microbial agent on the microbiome in soil at a Phyllostachys edulis forest was analyzed. Method In a P. edulis forest, a microbial solution of Enterobacter aerogenes CT-B09-2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JL-B06, and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus WYS-A01-1 was applied by root irrigation onto the soil around the seedlings. Rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil samples at the spots were collected 30 d after the application for physical and chemical analyses. Total DNA in soil was extracted, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing performed to dissect the microbial community structure and diversity. Results The applied bioagent effectively increased the available phosphorus, regulated the pH, and improved the functional activities related to material metabolism and decomposition of carbon compounds in the rhizosphere soil. There were 26 phyla, 65 classes, 158 orders, 253 families, 448 genera, and 674 species detected in the soil samples with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexi being the dominant phyla. The application significantly increased the number of species in the microbial community only in the rhizosphere soil. Conclusion Application of the mixed microbial cultures significantly and positively affected the mineral contents, pH, and microbial community in the rhizosphere soil at the bamboo forest.
2024, 39(4): 448-455.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.009
Abstract:
Objective Effects of applying Bacillus subtilis B2-GFP culture broth on the growth and physiology of sweet pepper seedlings were studied. Methods In a pot experiment, seedlings of sweet pepper Shuoyuan 808 were treated with B. subtilis B2-GFP culture broths at the concentrations of 1×105 CFU·mL−1 (T1), 1×106 CFU·mL−1 (T2), 1×107 CFU·mL−1 (T3), and 1×108 CFU·mL−1 (T4), along with non-treatment control (CK). The transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 5 mL 1×106CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth every 7 d for 3 times. Growth index, biomass accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as well as antioxidant enzyme activities, morphological formation, and root vitality of the plants were monitored at 21 d. Results Application of the B2-GFP culture broth increased the plant height and biomass as well as the leaf area and chlorophyll content over CK. The greatest effect was observed under T2, which also accentuated the leaf transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum fluorescence (Fm), photosystem II potential Activity (ФPSⅡ), and photochemical fluorescence quenching coefficient (qP) as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the roots but reduced the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll basic fluorescence (Fo). Conclusion When the transplanted sweet pepper seedlings were given 1×106 CFU·mL−1 B2-GFP culture broth, all monitored indicators on the plant growth and root development including leaf photosynthetic parameters and biomass and root antioxidant enzymes activities and vitality were significantly improved in 3 weeks.
2024, 39(4): 456-465.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.010
Abstract:
Objective NPK fertilization to maximize the yield and quality of chili peppers for processing was formulated. 【Method】 An experiment of quadratic saturation D-optimal design with three factors of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was applied to optimize the formulation targeted to maximize the yield and quality of Mingjiao 9 chili peppers for further processing. Result Significant effects on chili pepper yield and processing quality were found to be K＞P＞N. The optimal amount of N, P2O5, K2O was 151.10, 59.28, 306.78 kg·hm−2 to reach the greatest yield, and 148.59, 59.34, 291.66 kg·hm−2 to achieve the most desirable quality. The combinations of N and P, N and K, and P and K also exerted significant enhancing effects on the chili pepper yield and quality. The optimized fertilizations with a predicted yield exceeding 29,000 kg·hm−2 at 95% confidence level called for the application N, P2O5, and K2O at 109.24–174.43 kg·hm−2, 44.40–78.95 kg·hm−2, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2, respectively, while for a score above 80 on overall chili pepper quality, the application of 63.08–115.23 kg·hm−2, 42.26–72.50 kg·hm−2, and 211.23–292.23 kg·hm−2, respectively, were determined. Conclusion Experimentally optimized NPK fertilizations for chili pepper cultivation to provide a yield of 29000 kg·hm−2 and a quality score of 80 or higher were formulated. To accomplish the goal on yield as well as quality, the formulation would include the ranges of 109.24–115.23 kg·hm−2 on N, 44.40–72.50 kg·hm−2 on P2O5, and 213.85–287.95 kg·hm−2 on K2O with a N∶P2O5∶K2O ratio of 1–1.05∶0.41–0.6∶1.96–2.64.
2024, 39(4): 466-474.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.011
Abstract:
Objective Effects of melatonin application on plant physiology and biochemistry as well as cell wall components of Bougainvillea plants under low temperature were studied. Method Bougainvillea leaves were sprayed with melatonin solutions in the concentrations of 0, 50, 100, and 150 µmol·L–1 at 4 ℃. Leaf area, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), apparent electron transfer rate (ETR), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching coefficient (qN)], activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation products at the production rate of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, osmotic adjustment soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) as well as cell wall components including chelate pectin (CSP), alkali-soluble pectin (SSP), hemicellulose (HC), and cellulose (CE) of the plants were monitored weekly for 3 consecutive weeks from the beginning of treatments (MT0). Result At 4 ℃, the growth and development of Bougainvillea plants was hindered showing unbalanced chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, intensified membrane lipid peroxidation, and altered cell wall composition. The spray of 100 µmol·L−1 melatonin significantly enhanced the physiological activity, reduced wilting, Fv/Fm and ETR, increased activities of SOD, POD, and CAT (e.g., by 96.45%, 104.35%, and 73.11%, respectively, in Elizabeth Angus), decreased H2O2 content by 21.07% and O2− production rate by 26.85%, and raised CSP by 22.55% and SSP by 43.08% in the cell wall over those at MT0. Conclusion Melatonin regulated the physiology of Bougainvillea plants and effectively mitigated the growth inhibition by cold stress. The spray reduced the damage to the photosystem, enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, retard the membrane lipid oxidation, and stabilize the cell wall of the plant suggesting a potential treatment for preventing serious harms by temperature decline in winter.
2024, 39(4): 475-481.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.012
Abstract:
Objective Physiological mechanism and application concentration of foliar quercetin (Q) spray in improving drought resistance of chestnut seedlings were studied. Method In an irrigation-controlled pot experiment, seedlings of Yanbao chestnut (YB) were sprayed Q solutions of concentrations at 600 μmol·L−1 (QD1), 1 200 μmol·L−1 (QD2), 1 800 μmol·L−1 (QD3), 2 000 μmol·L−1 (QD4), and 3 000 μmol·L−1 (QD5), along with one non-spray control under drought (CK1) and another under normal watering condition (CK2). Contents of chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), and flavonols as well as antioxidant activities of the seedlings were determined. Result The foliar spray of Q significantly elevated the contents of chlorophyll and flavonols as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) and reduced MDA in the seedling leaves over those under CK1, but not to the levels under CK2. The principal component and membership function analyses showed the average drought resistance of QD1, QD2, QD3, QD4, and QD5 to be 0.735, 0.641, 0.738, 1.389, and 0.828, respectively, indicating a superior treatment effect of 2,000μmol Q·L−1. Conclusion Spraying Q solutions on the chestnut seedlings appeared to mitigate cellular damages induced by drought stress. The treatment raised the antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll content while reduced MDA that retarded cell membrane peroxidation on the leaves with the greatest effect displayed by the application of Q at a concentration of 2 000 μmol·L−1.
2024, 39(4): 482-491.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.013
Abstract:
Objective Mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Bactrocera (B.) tuberculata were studied for advancement on the molecular markers design, species identification, and evolutionary genetics relating to the destructive fruit fly. Methods High-throughput sequencing was applied to determine, assemble, join, and annotate the complete genome of B. (B.) tuberculata mitochondria. With the sequences on selected 20 species published on NCBI, the phylogeny of fruit flies was analyzed using the maximum likelihood method (ML). Results The total mitochondrial genome sequence was 15 854 bp long containing 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and one non-coding control gene with 73.2% A+T. There were 3 755 codons in the 13 protein-coding genes. Of the 22 amino acid codons in the protein, UUA (leucine) had the highest frequency (N) of 387 and relative codon (RSCU) of 3.79. Aside from the phenylalanine (F) and threonine (T) that lacked pseuduracine (T) rings and the serine (S1) without a dihydrouracil DHU ring, the secondary structures of the remaining 19 tRNA genes shaped typically like a canonical cloverleaf. And the 22 genes had 178 mismatched G-U base pairs. Based on the mitochondrial analysis, the phylogeny of B. (B.) tuberculate, B. (B.) dorsalis, and B. (B.) carambolae were closely related and in the same branch as other subgenera. The result agreed with what was revealed by the morphological observation. Conclusion For the first time, the complete mitochondrial genome of B. (B.) tuberculata was obtained with a GenBank accession number of MW 892726. The information secured on the structure and nucleotide composition of the mitochondria and the phylogenetic relation with other subgenera would aid further studies on the species identification, evolutionary biology, and pest control of the devastating pest.
2024, 39(4): 492-502.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2024.04.014
Abstract:
Objective Key genes involved in the detoxification of pyroxsulam in naked barley were identified to facilitate breeding an herbicide-tolerant variety. Method Leaves of herbicide-sensitive Qing 0160 and herbicide-resistant Qing 0306 naked barley were treated with pyroxsulam for 0, 1, or 6 d prior to a high throughput transcriptome sequencing. Result The GO of the differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in photosynthesis before as well as after the pyroxsulam treatment. Significant KEGG enrichment of the genes related to antioxidants in the glutathione metabolic pathway and the stress-related genes in the phenylpropanol and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis pathways was observed 1d after the treatment. And 6 d afterward, the genes related to the biological processes that maintain the cell function as well as the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids were significantly enriched. Further analysis indicated that the expressions of SOD21972, POD55052, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, andGSTs20762 were upregulated, while PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 downregulated. POD55052 in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley was highly expressed but not in the herbicide-resistant counterparts. On the other hand, the expressions of SOD21972, CAT15170, DHAR59510, APX42784, GR34873, GSTs849, GSTs36979, GSTs31507, GSTs15106, GSTs20762, PSⅡ55705, Cc31194, Cc17547, Cc17551, and CYP12424 were higher in the herbicide-resistant than in the herbicide-sensitive naked barley. It suggested that they might be involved in the pyroxsulam-resistance of the plants. Conclusion The basically same trend shown in this study on the gene express by qRT-PCR and the transcriptome sequencing unveiled the genes possibly associated with the pyroxsulam detoxification mechanism of naked barley. The information would facilitate the breeding of an herbicide-resistant variety.
Journal DynamicsMORE+
- Editors of FJAS participated in the 2019 Annual Conference of Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Journals
- FJAS was selected as the latest CSCD source journal
- FJAS was selected as the " Core Journals of China " (2017, the 8th edition) (Mar 25, 2019)
- FJAS joined the Open Science Identity(OSID) Project
- The editors of FJAS participated in the Training on Academic Quality Improvement for Science and Technology Journals
- The director of the editorial department of the journal participated in the meeting of the executive council of the Fujian Journal Association
- FJAS was included in Japan Science and Technology Agency Database (JST)
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Co OrganizerMORE+
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Fujian Agricultural Research Center of Taiwan
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