Abstract: Nitrogen is one of the necessary elements for crop growth, and its supply directly affects agricultural production.Nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in the development of agricultural production, and is one of the important measures to improve grain yield.The amount of nitrogen fertilized in China is the most, but due to the fertilization method or improper agricultural management measures, nitrogen loss is increasing, and nitrogen utilization rate is low, which brings many environmental problems.The migration and transformation of nitrogen in soil is the direct cause.This paper firstly simply introduced the process of nitrogen migration and transformation, then summarized the research status home and abroad of migration and transformation characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer and biological responses, and then described the migration and transformation characteristics of fertilizer nitrogen in special environment of fertilizer micro-region.Finally the future research directions were discussed for providing a theoretical reference for nitrogen fertilizer optimal utilization.