High-throughput Sequencing Analysis on Diversity of Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes on Huanglongbing-infected Citrus Plants
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摘要:目的 比较健康、罹病柑橘叶片在温室条件下内生菌群落结构差异，以及同一植株不同罹病程度叶片的内生菌群落结构差异，分析黄龙病侵染相关的内生细菌和内生真菌种群动态变化，为柑橘黄龙病菌的共培养和病原学研究提供依据。方法 通过引物对OI1/OI2c对植株染黄龙病的状态进行检验，以健康和不同罹病程度（无症绿色、斑驳黄化、均匀黄化）的柑橘叶片为样本，通过对细菌16S rRNA和真菌rDNA-ITS序列的高通量测序，将得到的内生细菌和内生真菌的数据进行聚类和多样性分析。结果 4组样品分别通过聚类获得13个门类、22个纲、57个目、101个科、208个属的细菌，以及2个门类、12个纲、24个目、43个科、43个属的真菌。黄龙病菌的相对丰度随着叶片罹病程度的加深而增加。健康组和罹病组共有的细菌优势菌属为甲基细胞菌属、1174-901-12属。Sphingomonas属为健康组的优势菌属。AlphaI cluster属和Hymenobacter属的相对丰度随黄龙病的入侵增加。健康组和罹病组共有的真菌优势菌属为横断孢属，Zasmidium属和Trichomerium属只为罹病组的次优势菌属。Zymoseptoria属的相对丰度与黄龙病菌呈正相关。结论 黄龙病菌的侵入改变了植株内生细菌和内生真菌的群落结构和多样性，健康组和罹病组的内生细菌、内生真菌群落结构多样性存在明显差异，其优势及次优势菌属及其相对丰度也有存在差异。高通量测序对植物样本的直接检测能有效避开前人使用传统检测的短板，获得包括难培养、低丰度菌群在内更完整的内生菌群落结构，为更系统分析与黄龙病菌入侵生长相关内生菌和寻找其潜在伴生菌的研究提供依据。Abstract:Objective Diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes on citrus plants infected with Huanglongbing (HLB) (citrus greening disease by Candidatus Liberibacter) was determined for further study on the pathology.Method The diversities of bacterial and fungal endophytes on healthy and HLB-diseased leaves of citrus plants grown in a greenhouse were compared. In addition, the diversities on the diseased leaves of different severity from a same plant were also compared. The HLB pathogen was confirmed using primer pair of OI1/OI2c. High-throughput sequencing were used to detect the 16S rRNA of bacteria and rDNA-ITS of fungi. Then the abundance and diversity analysis on the endophytes were conducted.Result For the bacterial endophytes, there were 13 phyla, 22 classes, 57 orders, 101 families, and 208 genera found, while for the fungal endophytes, 2 phyla, 12 classes, 24 orders, 43 families, and 43 genera. The relative abundance of Candidatus Liberibacter increased with severity of the disease. Methylocella and 1174-901-12 were the dominant bacteria endophytes on both healthy and diseased plants; whereas, Sphingomonas only on healthy plants. The relative abundances of Alpha cluster and Hymenobacter increased with the disease infection. Strelitziana was the dominant fungal endophyte on both healthy and diseased plants; whereas, Zasmidium and Trichomerium on diseased plants only. The relative abundance of Zymoseptoria increased with the disease infection.Conclusion The infection of HLB by Candidatus Liberibacter bacteria changed the abundance and diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes on a citrus plant. There were also significant differences on the diversity of bacterial and fungal endophytes between the healthy and the diseased plants. Successful detection of the endophytes using high-throughput sequencing overcame the obstacles on the disease identification due to the unculturable pathogen and endophytes as well as the endophytes with low abundance. It also allowed a systematic study on the microbiology associated with HLB and the cure and prevention of the disease.
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图 1 染黄龙病叶片采样
注：H：健康组叶片，G：罹病组无症绿色叶片，M：罹病组斑驳黄化叶片，Y：罹病组均匀黄化叶片。
Figure 1. Sampling of HLB-diseased leaves
Note: H: healthy leaves; G: green leaves on diseased plant; M: yellow-mottled leaves on diseased plant; Y: yellow leaves on diseased plant.
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图 2 各样品黄龙病菌检测电泳结果
注：M：Marker；D1～D9罹病组植株，H1～H9健康组植株，P：阳对照（黄龙病感染植株），N：阴对照（水）。
Figure 2. Electrophoresis of PCR products of HLB pathogens
Note: M, Marker; D1–D9: huanglongbing-affected plants; H1–H9: healthy plants, P: positive control (huanglongbing-confirmed plant); N: negative control (water).
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图 3 各组别的黄龙病菌相对丰度ANOVA分析
注：H：健康组叶片，G：罹病组无症绿色叶片，M：罹病组斑驳黄化叶片，Y：罹病组黄化叶片。
Figure 3. ANOVA for relative abundance of HLB pathogens
Note: H: healthy leaves; G: green leaves on diseased plant; M: yellow-mottled leaves on diseased plant; Y: yellow leaves on diseased plant.
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图 4 OTU数量与分类分布
注：①a： 内生细菌OTU个数分布图，b： 内生真菌OTU个数分布图，c： 健康组H与罹病组D的内生细菌OTU 韦恩图，d ：健康组H与罹病组D的内生真菌OTU 韦恩图，e： 罹病组的细菌OTU韦恩图，f：罹病组的真菌OTU韦恩图。②D：罹病组叶片，包括G、M和Y。
Figure 4. OTU Distribution and Venn graphs
Note: ① a: OTU distribution of bacterial endophytes; b: OTU distribution of fungal endophytes; c: Venn graphs of bacterial endophytes between healthy (H) and diseased (D) plants; d: Venn graphs of fungal endophytes between H and D; e: Venn graphs of bacterium among D; f: Venn graphs of fungi among D. ②D: leaves on diseased plant including G, M and Y.
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图 6 属水平下物种丰度排名前十的物种分布
Figure 6. Abundance (top 10) of endophytes in samples at genera level
表 1 内生菌alpha多样性指数
Table 1 Alpha diversity index of endophytes
组别 Group 细菌 Bacterium 真菌 Fungi Shannon Simpson Shannon Simpson H 2.057 0.253 8 3.222 0.073 6 G 1.733 9 0.447 6 2.649 1 0.182 5 M 2.063 8 0.285 2 2.802 7 0.134 5 Y 2.345 8 0.212 4 2.818 6 0.124 8 注：H：健康组叶片，G：罹病组无症绿色叶片，M：罹病组斑驳黄化叶片，Y：罹病组均匀黄化叶片。
Note: H: healthy leaves; G: green leaves on diseased plant; M: yellow-mottled leaves on diseased plant; Y: yellow leaves on diseased plant.
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表 2 门水平下物种相对丰度大于0.1%门类
Table 2 Abundance of endophytes in samples at phylum level (abundance＞0.1%)
门 Phylum H G M Y 细菌 Bacterium 变形菌门 Proteobacteria 94.48% 94.41% 93.97% 93.62% 放线菌门 Actinobacteria 2.79% 2.50% 1.69% 1.53% 厚壁菌门 Firmicutes 1.63% 1.58% 2.06% 3.18% 拟杆菌门 Bacteroidetes 0.55% 0.79% 2.01% 1.31% 真菌 Fungi 子囊菌门 Ascomycota 80.07% 96.34% 83.27% 91.34% 担子菌门 Basidiomycota 7.23% 2.00% 7.08% 5.66%
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