农业废弃物戈尔膜发酵过程可培养真菌种群的生态学特性

刘欣; 肖荣凤; 陈燕萍; 陈峥; 郑雪芳; 张海峰; 夏江平; 王阶平; 刘波

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.011.015

农业废弃物戈尔膜发酵过程可培养真菌种群的生态学特性

Ecology of Culturable Fungal Community in a GORE Cover Membrane System for Composting Agricultural Waste

摘要

摘要:
目的评估农业废弃物戈尔膜发酵过程中的真菌种群随时间和空间的变化规律，为农业废弃物的资源化利用和戈尔膜发酵效果评价提供理论依据。
方法以农业废弃物戈尔膜发酵槽物料为研究对象，监测发酵过程物料的温度变化，并通过时间和空间格局采样，分离鉴定物料中的真菌种类及数量，分析发酵过程中的真菌种群数量分布、空间分布型指数、多样性指数和生态位特征等参数。
结果发酵物料的温度监测表明，第2~16天的平均温度为55.27~74.64 ℃，定义为高温期；第17~27天的平均温度为41.26~50.64 ℃，定义为低温期。从72份物料样本中共分离鉴定出5种真菌，分别为沃尔夫被孢霉（Mortierella walfii）、青霉菌（Penicullium sp.）、烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus）、棘曲霉（A. spinosus）和土曲霉（A. terreus）。从空间分布上看，烟曲霉在物料浅层和深层的种群数量均较多，分别为1.13×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹和1.47×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹；而棘曲霉在物料浅层和深层的种群数量均最少，分别为4.90×10³ CFU·g⁻¹和1.56×10³ CFU·g⁻¹，说明烟曲霉适宜在该物料中生长，而棘曲霉则不适宜。从发酵时间看，发酵前期（3~12 d）的总菌量在4.10×10⁴ ~1.30×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹，发酵后期（17~27 d）的总菌量在9.35×10³~2.63×10⁴CFU·g⁻¹。发酵过程中真菌种群呈现明显的差异性，且空间分布型为聚集分布，烟曲霉在物料中生存适应性最强，但竞争能力较弱或不存在竞争。
结论农业废弃物戈尔膜发酵过程中的可培养真菌的数量在不同时间和空间上均存在明显的差异，其空间分布型为聚集分布。

Abstract:
Objective Temporal and spatial characteristics of the culturable fungal community in a GORE cover membrane system (GCMS) for composting agricultural waste were analyzed to evaluate and enhance the utilization of the treatment system.
Methods In a GCMS tank fermentation on agriculture waste material, temperature was continuously monitored, and varied temporal and spatial samples collected for microbial determination. Culturable fungi in the system were isolated, identified, and counted for analyzing and calculating spatial distribution pattern index, diversity index, and ecological niche characteristics.
Results The average temperature of the composting material in the tank was 55.27-74.64 ℃ from the 2^nd to the 16^th day, which was defined as the high temperature period. In the low temperature period from the 17^th to the 27^th day, the average temperature was 41.26-50.64 ℃. From 72 specimens, 5 species of fungi, i.e., Mortierella walfii, Penicullium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus spinosus, and Aspergillus terreus, were isolated and identified. Spatially, the population of A. fumigatus was the largest in both shallow and deep layers of the waste material with the counts of 1.13×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹ and 1.47×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹, respectively. Whereas A. aculeatus was the least in the same areas with the counts of 4.90×10³ CFU·g⁻¹ and 1.56×10³ CFU·g⁻¹, respectively. It indicated differentiated growth adaptabilities of the two fungal populations. Temporally, the total fungal counts were between 4.10×10⁴ CFU·g⁻¹ and 1.30×10⁵ CFU·g⁻¹ in the pre-fermentation period from the 3^rd to the 12^th day, and between 9.35×10³ CFU·g⁻¹ and 2.63×10⁴CFU·g⁻¹ in the post-fermentation period from the 17^th to the 27^th day. It appeared that the fungal community in the compost changed significantly during the fermentation process with a largely aggregated spatial distribution. A. fumigatus displayed the strongest growth adaptability under GCMS, even though it could be weak in competing with others, or simply because of a lack of competitive counterparts within the system.
Conclusion The count of culturable fungi in GCMS differed significantly in different periods and locations. The spatial distribution of the fungal populations followed an aggregated pattern.

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