铬在土壤-作物系统中的迁移及安全利用调控研究

罗泉达

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.06.014

铬在土壤-作物系统中的迁移及安全利用调控研究

罗泉达

Chromium Migration and Application of Conditioners in Vegetable-growing Soil

LUO Quanda

摘要

摘要:
目的探讨不同作物富集铬能力差异及施用不同类型调理剂对铬在土壤-芥菜系统迁移的影响。
方法选择铬轻度污染农田进行田间试验，研究皱叶芥菜（Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss）、花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）、甜玉米（Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.）、甘薯（Ficus tikoua Bur）、和毛豆（Glycine max Merrill ）5种作物铬的富集效果；然后根据试验结果，选择高富集作物（皱叶芥菜）作为研究对象，研究不同调理剂对铬富集土壤的修复效果。调理剂修复效果试验设置对照（CK）、泥炭土（P）、有机肥（M）、沸石（Z）、硫酸亚铁（Fe）、有机肥+泥炭土（MP，1:2）、有机肥+沸石（MZ，1:2）、有机肥+泥炭土+硫酸亚铁（MPFe，3:6:1）、有机肥+沸石+硫酸亚铁（MZFe，3:6:1）9个试验处理。其中，硫酸亚铁用量为540 kg·hm⁻²，其他调理剂用量为5400 kg·hm⁻²。
结果作物富集效果试验表明，5种作物铬含量均未超过国家限量标准，皱叶芥菜富集铬能力最高，甜玉米富集铬能力最低，皱叶芥菜和花生富集铬能力显著高于甜玉米、甘薯和毛豆。调理剂修复效果试验表明，调理剂施用显著提升了土壤pH，各调理剂处理土壤pH提升0.45～0.93个单位。除Z和Fe外，其他调理剂处理均显著提升了皱叶芥菜产量，增产率为5.66%～12.77%。调理剂还显著降低了土壤有效态铬含量，降幅达39.8%～53.8%。与对照相比，P、M、Z、Fe、MP、MZ、MPFe和MZFe分别将皱叶芥菜铬含量降低了53%、33%、44%、32%、59%、40%、72%、82%，均未超过国家限量标准。
结论皱叶芥菜铬富集能力显著高于花生、甜玉米、甘薯和毛豆；选择单施或复合施用有机肥、泥炭土、沸石及硫酸亚铁均可显著降低土壤有效性铬含量和皱叶芥菜中铬含量，其中，施用有机肥+泥炭土（沸石）+硫酸亚铁复合调理剂对皱叶芥菜降铬效果较好。

Abstract:
Objective Accumulation of chromium (Cr) in vegetables migrated from soil and mitigation effect of soil conditioner applications were investigated.
Methods A field experimentation was conducted on a slightly polluted lot to determine the Cr-uptakes of green mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.), sweet potato (Ficus tikoua Bur), and soybean (Glycine max Merrill) plants grown on it. Vegetable with the greatest Cr-uptake was further tested on the lot for the heavy metal accumulation under the soil treatments of blank (CK), peat (P), and addition of organic fertilizer (M), zeolite (Z), FeSO₄ (Fe), M+P at 1∶2 (MP), M+Z at 1∶2 (MZ), M+P+FeSO₄ at 3∶6∶1 (MPFe) or M+Z+FeSO₄ at 3∶6∶1 (MZFe). The application of FeSO₄ was at a rate of 540 kg·hm⁻², and the others at 5400 kg·hm⁻².
Results None of the initial tested vegetables had a Cr content exceeded the national safety standard. Since the green mustard had the highest uptake rate, it was used in the subsequent experimentation. The various added conditioners raised the soil pH by 0.45-0.93; increased the yield of mustard by 5.66-12.77%, except Z and Fe; and decreased the available Cr in soil by 39.8-53.8%. The treatments of P, M, Z, Fe, MP, MZ, MPFe, and MZFe lowered Cr content in the mustard by 53%, 33%, 44%, 32%, 59%, 40%, 72%, and 82%, respectively.
Conclusion The Cr-uptake of mustard was significantly higher than those of the other crops grown on the same field. Both available Cr in soil and in mustard were significantly reduced by the M, P, Z, and Fe treatments that applied soil conditioner singly or in combination. In combination, MPFe or MZFe performed significantly superior in reducing Cr-accumulation in mustard.

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