安溪县茶园土壤肥力评价

王艳飞; 潘丽敏; 郭淇峰; 朱悦蕊; 林慧凌; 高峰; 高水练

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.10.014

摘要:

目的探究福建省安溪县茶园土壤养分及其分布情况。

方法在安溪县22个主要产茶乡镇随机采集茶园土壤样品243个，通过测量土壤的pH值、有机质含量、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾，并利用Fuzzy综合评估法计算出茶园土壤肥力综合指数（IFI），以此来评估土壤肥力质量等级。

结果 ①安溪县各乡镇茶园土壤pH值为3.79～4.97，均值为4.36，变异系数为11.51%，乡镇间茶园土壤pH差异显著（P＜0.05）。②只有一个乡镇茶园土壤有机质含量不符合Ⅰ级土壤指标（＞20.00 g·kg⁻¹）。③茶园碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别为109.70～184.70 mg·kg⁻¹、5.34～257.21 mg·kg⁻¹、78.18～272.20 mg·kg⁻¹，土壤碱解氮含量均为Ⅰ级，有20个乡镇茶园土壤有效磷和速效钾均为Ⅰ级、其余各有2个为Ⅱ级。④全氮磷钾含量分别为0.38～2.05 g·kg⁻¹、0.14～1.76 g·kg⁻¹、4.83～24.06 g·kg⁻¹，其中有4个乡镇茶园土壤全氮含量不符合Ⅰ级标准，为Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级各2个；有5个乡镇茶园土壤全钾含量不符合Ⅰ级标准，为Ⅱ级4个、Ⅲ级1个；而全磷只有1个乡镇符合Ⅰ级标准，Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级分别占68.18%、27.27%，乡镇间差异较大；⑤茶园IFI肥力等级中Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级分别占81.82%、4.55%、9.09%、4.55%。

结论安溪县茶园土壤酸化严重，有机质和速效养分总体较丰富，全量养分较缺乏，尤其是全磷含量普遍不足；总体肥力等级较好，但是养分结构不均衡、空间分布不均匀。因此，建议：（1）通过增施有机肥等手段改良茶园土壤酸化；（2）适当增施含氮磷钾全量养分的矿物质，以增加全量养分储备；（3）推广测土配方技术，促进精准施肥和减肥增效。

Abstract:

Objective Degree and distribution of tea plantations soil fertility in Anxi County, Fujian were determined and statistically analyzed.

Method Soil specimens were collected from plantations in 22 major tea-producing towns in Anxi. pH, organic matter, total NPK, alkaline N, available P, and available K of the soils were measured. Fertility IFI for each sampling site was calculated by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.

Result From the randomly sampled 243 specimens, the following results were obtained. (1) pH of the plantation soils ranged 3.79-4.97 averaging 4.36 with a coefficient of variation of 11.51%. There were significant differentiations among the towns (P＜0.05). (2) On the content of organic matter, only one town did not meet the Grade I standard of being higher than 20.00g·kg^-1. (3) Alkaline N, available P, and available K in the soils ranged 109.70-184.70 mg·kg^-1, 5.34-257.21 mg·kg^-1, and 78.18-272.20 mg·kg^-1, respectively. Hence, the alkaline N in all specimens reached the Grade I level, but the available P and K left two localities fall into Grade II. (4) The total N, P, and K at all sites were 0.38-2.05 g·kg^-1, 0.14-1.76g·kg^-1, and 4.83-24.06 g·kg^-1, respectively. On account of total N, two towns were rated Grade II and two Grade III; on total K, 4 were Grade II and one Grade III; and on P, only one qualified for Grade I and 68.18% of the towns rated Grade II and 27.27% Grade III. Significant differences were evident among the towns and villages. And (5) on account of IFI, 81.82% of the sites belonged to Grade I, 4.55% Grade II, 9.09% Grade III, and 4.55% Grade IV.

Conclusion Soil acidification was severe at the tea plantations in the county. The soil was generally rich in organic matter and available nutrients, but deficient in total nutrients, especially P. The IFI at the plantations was generally of acceptable grades, however, the structure and spatial distribution of soil fertility were not well balanced. To overcome such shortcomings, it was recommended the following measures be implemented for the region: (1) using green manure to enrich organic matter content mitigating soil acidification, (2) increasing NPK application to enhance total nutrient reserve, and (3) formulating precise and efficient fertilization with routine soil testing to foster technical advancements.

安溪县茶园土壤肥力评价

Fertility of Tea Plantation Soil in Anxi