Ginseng Yield and Rhizosphere Fungal Community of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Grown on Soil Modified with Culture Substrate
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摘要:目的
探明栽培基质改良土壤对太子参产量和根际土壤真菌群落的影响，为探索太子参可持续的栽培模式提供理论基础。
方法调查栽培基质改良对不同类型田块太子参根腐病发病率和产量的影响；利用高通量测序研究栽培基质改良对太子参根际土壤真菌群落多样性和结构组成的影响，并分析根腐病发病率、产量与根际土壤真菌群落之间的关联性。
结果田间调查结果显示，栽培基质处理组比对照组的发病率降低4.84%～7.69%，产量提高39.00%～109.31%，且对山地的改良效果最佳。太子参出苗期和膨大期的对照组根际土壤真菌丰富度高于基质处理组，但多样性无显著差异；而采收期基质处理组根际土壤真菌的丰富度升高，但多样性降低。基质处理组和对照组的子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）相对丰度均在85%以上，为优势真菌门。基质处理组的优势属为锥毛壳属（Coniochaeta）、假丝酵母菌属（Candida）、Gibellulopsis和青霉属（Penicillium）；而对照组的优势属为Saitozyma、亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和附球菌属（Epicoccum）。镰刀菌属在采收期对照组根际土壤的丰度显著升高，与根腐病发病率呈正相关；太子参产量与Gibellulopsis的丰度呈正相关、与镰刀菌属的丰度呈负相关。
结论采用栽培基质替换太子参根围部分原土进行连作地块的土壤改良，能够降低根腐病的发病率并提高太子参产量，也能够调节根际土壤真菌的群落结构和多样性，增加有益菌的丰度，降低病原菌的丰度。
Abstract:ObjectiveEffects of adding culture substrate in soil on the yield of ginseng roots and fungal community in the Pseudostellaria heterophylla rhizosphere were studied.
MethodsRoot rot disease incidence (DI) and crop yield of P. heterophylla plants cultivated in different type of fields using substrate to modify the ground soil were monitored. Diversity and structure of the fungal community in the rhizosphere at different plant growth stages were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. A correlation study was conducted between the collected data.
ResultsThe DI was reduced by 4.84-7.69% and root yield increased by 39.00-109.31% on the ginseng plants grown in the fields by the substrate addition in soil over control. The greatest effects were observed in the soil on hilly lands. At the ginseng seedling and expanding stages, the rhizosphere fungal community under treatments was lowered in richness but not significantly changed in diversity. At the harvest stage, on the other hand, the treatments increased the richness and reduced the diversity. In all rhizosphere soils, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant microbes with a relative abundance greater than 85%. At genus level, Coniochaeta, Candida, Gibellulopsis, and Penicillium were predominant in the treatment soils, while Saitozyma, Didymella, Fusarium, and Epicoccum were dominant at the control sites. At harvest, the relative abundance of Fusarium rose significantly in the control soils and positively correlated with DI. The root yield of P. heterophylla plants positively correlated with the abundance of Gibellulopsis but negatively with that of Fusarium.
ConclusionBy partially replacing rhizosphere soils with culture substrate at different types of fields of continuous cropping P. heterophylla, improvements on DI, root yield as well as fungal community structure and diversity were realized.
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图 1 太子参块根的根腐病症状
a-c: 根腐病原菌侵染的块根；d: 健康块根。
Figure 1. Symptoms of root rot disease on P. heterophylla roots
a-c: Root rot pathogen-infected roots; d: healthy roots.
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图 2 3个试验地块的太子参根腐病发病率（A）和产量（B）
同一试验地块的不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。T：基质处理组；C：对照组。
Figure 2. DI (A) and yield (B) of P. heterophylla plants at three test fields
Data with different lowercase letters on same test field indicate significant difference (P＜0.05).
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图 3 太子参根际土壤中真菌群落在门水平上的相对丰度
T3、T5和T7为基质处理组，C3、C5和C7为对照组。下同。
Figure 3. Relative abundance of fungal community at phylum level in P. heterophylla rhizosphere
T3, T5, and T7: treatment groups; C3, C5, and C7: control groups. Same for below.
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图 4 太子参根际土壤中真菌优势差异菌属的相对丰度
同属物种的不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。
Figure 4. Relative abundance of dominant differential fungi at genus level in P. heterophylla rhizosphere
Data with different lowercase letters on same gene indicate significant difference (P＜0.05).
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图 5 太子参根际土壤真菌群落在属水平上的Heatmap图分析
横向和纵向分别为各样本和各分类单元的聚类结果，红色和蓝色分别代表在对应样本中丰度较高和较低的属。
Figure 5. Heatmap on fungal community at genus level in P. heterophylla rhizosphere
Clustering of samples is shown on x-axis and that of taxonomic units, on y-axis; samples of high abundance shown in red color and those of low abundance, in blue.
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图 6 根腐病发病率、产量与根际优势真菌在属水平上的相关性分析
Figure 6. Correlations between DI, root yield, and dominant fungi at genus level in P. heterophylla rhizosphere
*：P＜0.05；**：P＜0.01；***：P＜0.001。
表 1 不同地块土壤理化性质
Table 1 Physicochemical properties of soils at different types of fields
试验地块
Test field全氮
Total N/%全磷
Total P/（g·kg−1）全钾
Total K/（g·kg−1）有机质
organic matter/（g·kg−1）酸碱度
pHHL 0.06±0.01 b 0.45±16.05 c 10.76± 0.77 b 8.39±0.12 b 5.18±0.11 a FX 0.07±0.01 b 0.78±13.32 b 14.42± 0.86 a 8.90±0.44 b 4.07±0.07 b JT 0.14±0.00 a 1.21±36.06 a 14.08± 1.07 a 17.37±0.46 a 5.38±0.13 a 同列不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。HL、FX和JT分别代表桦岭村、富溪村和际头村试验地。下同。
Data with different lowercase letters on same column indicate significant difference (P＜0.05). HL, FX, and JT refer to test fields at Hualing, Fuxi, and Jitou Villages, respectively. Same for below.
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表 2 太子参根际土壤真菌群落Alpha多样性指数
Table 2 Alpha diversity of fungal communities in P. heterophylla rhizosphere
取样时间Sampling time 样品编号Sample group 丰富度指数Richness index 多样性指数Diversity index 覆盖度Coverage Sobs Chao1 Simpson Shannon Coverage 出苗期 T3 433.33±39.82 b 506.72±52.79 a 0.12±0.02 a 3.14±0.18 a 0.998±0.000 a Seedling stage C3 607.33±32.68 a 658.19±19.23 a 0.11±0.06 a 3.66±0.43 a 0.998±0.000 a 膨大期 T5 386.33±29.59 b 608.16±53.87 a 0.14±0.05 a 2.88±0.25 a 0.997±0.000 a Expanding period C5 514.33±46.27 a 607.33±70.91 a 0.11±0.02 a 3.52±0.11 a 0.998±0.001 a 采收期 T7 447.33±31.42 a 614.59±18.27 a 0.33±0.02 a 2.29±0.09 b 0.997±0.000 a Harvest period C7 351.67±17.70 a 458.68±45.84 b 0.14±0.00 b 2.80±0.04 a 0.997±0.000 a 同一取样时间同列不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。
Data with different lowercase letters on same column at same sampling time indicate significant difference (P＜ 0.05).
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